Biology - CH 11 The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

Spirochetes are bacteria that are ______ and possess a unique mechanism of _______. Gram-negative; motility Gram-positive; motility Gram-negative; cell division Gram-positive; cell division

Gram-negative; motility

An organism that harvests energy by oxidizing inorganic chemicals, but not organic chemicals, is a _____

chemolithotroph

The earliest oxygenic phototrophs probably belonged to a group of bacteria called the _____

cyanobacteria

Which of the following groups of bacteria is best described as a diverse group of photosynthetic Gram-negative bacteria that inhabit a wide range of environments? cyanobacteria proteobacteria mycobacteria actinobacteria

cyanobacteria

Movement in spirochetes is via _____ (also called axial filaments), which are flagella contained within the periplasm.

endoflagella

Of the various types of dormant cells, the ______ is the most resistant to environmental extremes. endospore heterocyst sporozoite spherule

endospore

Rhizobia are a group of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that often fix nitrogen and form intimate relationships with legumes. In these relationships role, rhizobia are ______. parasites endosymbionts pathogens synergists

endosymbionts

The presence of coliforms such as Escherichia coli in food and water indicates the possibility of _____ contamination.

fecal

The genus Streptomyces includes more than 500 species that resemble ______ in their growth but are ______. plants, eukaryotes fungi, prokaryotes fungi, eukaryotes plants, prokaryotes

fungi, prokaryotes

Spirillum species ______. are Gram-negative spiral-shaped bacteria have an endoflagella are Gram-positive rods can form phosphate storage granules are microaerophilic

are Gram-negative spiral-shaped bacteria can form phosphate storage granules are microaerophilic

Magnetotactic bacteria ______. are able to align themselves with the Earth's magnetism propel themselves forward using the energy of the surrounding magnetic field have a string of magnetic crystals inside them

are able to align themselves with the Earth's magnetism have a string of magnetic crystals inside them

All of the following are true of the genus Clostridium EXCEPT ______. some species cause disease they produce endospores they are Gram-negative rods they are common soil inhabitants

they are Gram-negative rods

Methanogens are a group of _______ that produce methane by oxidizing _______. archaea; O2 archaea; H2 archaea; CO2 bacteria; CO2 bacteria; H2

archaea; H2

Cyanobacteria as a group are capable of ______. nitrogen fixation only both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation neither photosynthesis nor nitrogen fixation photosynthesis only

both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation

How do aerobic chemoorganotrophs obtain their energy? by oxidizing organic compounds by using S as a terminal electron acceptor by oxidizing chemicals like ammonia by using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor

by oxidizing organic compounds by using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor

The _____ produced by the genus Clostridium have the ability to survive harsh environmental conditions that can commonly kill the vegetative bacterial cells.

endospores

Facultative anaerobes can use aerobic respiration if O2 is present and _____ if O2 is not available.

ferment

The normal habitat of Bacteroides species in humans includes the ______. genital tract intestines mouth skin

mouth intestines genital tract

Cyanobacteria living in aquatic environments can ______. accumulate in larger numbers, which is referred to as a bloom store accessory pigments in structures called chlorosomes move vertically through a water column using gas vesicles

move vertically through a water column using gas vesicles accumulate in larger numbers, which is referred to as a bloom

Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are _______. Gram-positive rods Gram-negative rods Gram-positive cocci Gram-negative cocci

Gram-negative rods

On blood agar, Streptococcus pyogenes produces β- _____ , a characteristic used to differentiate this organism from the normal oral microbiota.

Hemolytic

_____ bacteria have a string of magnetic particles inside them in order to align themselves to Earth's magnetic field.

Magnetotactic

Several species of _______ are notable pathogens. These include the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and leprosy. Staphylococcus Pseudomonas Mycobacterium Mycoplasma

Mycobacterium

An anoxic atmosphere lacks _____

Oxygen

Based on their defining characteristics, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae ______. typically ferment lactose are facultative anaerobes ferment glucose are Gram-positive bacilli possess peritrichous flagella if motile

are facultative anaerobes ferment glucose possess peritrichous flagella if motile

The study of the various adaptations prokaryotes use to survive terrestrial and aquatic environments is called _____

ecophysiology

Methanogens are organisms that ______. generate methane can be defined as a phototroph obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen gas use CO2 as a terminal electron acceptor belong to the domain Bacteria

generate methane use CO2 as a terminal electron acceptor obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen gas

Spirillum species can correctly be described as ______. Gram-negative spiral shaped microaerophiles, with some members capable of forming phosphate storage granules Gram-positive rods that are obligate anaerobes, with some members capable of forming endospores

Gram-negative spiral shaped microaerophiles, with some members capable of forming phosphate storage granules

Which of the following describe characteristics of members of the genus Vibrio? Gram-negative straight or curved rods Not known to cause disease Typically found in marine environments

Gram-negative straight or curved rods Typically found in marine environments

Oxygenic phototrophs use ______ as a source of electrons for reducing power, generating O2. carbon monoxide water glucose carbon dioxide

water

Mycobacterium species stain poorly because their cell walls contain ______. waxy lipids called mycorrhizae waxy sugars called mycolic acids waxy sugars called mycorrhizae waxy lipids called mycolic acids

waxy lipids called mycolic acids

How do obligate aerobes obtain energy? using fermentation only using respiration only using respiration or fermentation

using respiration only

Green sulfur bacteria are ______. facultative anaerobes obligate aerobes microaerophilic strict anaerobes

strict anaerobes

Early chemotrophs may have used all of the following pathways to harvest energy EXCEPT ______. fermentation aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration

aerobic respiration

Many cyanobacteria can convert nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia, which is a process called ______. ammonification nitrogen fixation denitrification

nitrogen fixation

Which of the following can distinguish members of the genus Staphylococcus from Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Lactococcus species? presence of the enzyme catalase their Gram-positive nature ability to cause disease

presence of the enzyme catalase

Nitrogen fixation, or the process of converting nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia, is an exclusive ability of ______. cyanobacteria Heliobacterium fungi eukaryotes prokaryotes

prokaryotes

The purple bacteria are Gram-negative organisms that can appear ______ due to their light-harvesting pigments. red orange purple green

red orange purple

Staphylococcus epidermidis is part of the normal microbiota of the _____

skin

A group of Gram-negative bacteria has a spiral shape and a unique motility mechanism that allows them to move through thick, viscous substances. This group is called the ______

spirochetes

The chalky appearance of Streptomyces colonies is due to ______. the branching filaments called hyphae that make up the mycelium the cysts that form when the cells are deprived of nutrients

the branching filaments called hyphae that make up the mycelium

Species of Pseudomonas ______. use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor ferment possess polar flagella are Gram-positive rods

use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor possess polar flagella

Which of the following were likely the earliest photosynthesizing organisms? oygenic phototrophs plants green algae anoxygenic phototrophs

anoxygenic phototrophs

Streptomyces species naturally produce a wide array of medically useful chemicals that are used to treat microbial infections. These chemicals are referred to as _____

antibiotics

Which best describes the appearance of Streptomyces colonies? They are slimy because their cells come together to form fruiting bodies. They have a chalky surface because of their filamentous hyphae.

They have a chalky surface because of their filamentous hyphae.

Genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae include all the following EXCEPT one. Which? Klebsiella Salmonella Yersinia Vibrio Proteus

Vibrio

An atmosphere that lacks O2 is called _____

anoxic / anaerobic

This member of the lactic acid group is a Gram-positive coccus that grows in the oral cavity and can cause pharyngitis. Lactococcus bulgaricus Enterococcus faecalis Leuconostoc mesenteroides Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus pyogenes

The genus _______ is a major producer of antibiotics, including tetracycline and erythromycin. Streptomyces Mycoplasma Mycobacterium Escherichia Pseudomonas

Streptomyces

You isolate an organism from the soil. If it turns out to be an aerobic Gram-positive rod that resembles a fungus in its pattern of growth, then it most likely belongs to the genus ______. Mycobacterium Histoplasma Streptomyces Mycoplasma Streptococcus

Streptomyces

Members of the genus _____ are causative agents of gonorrhea and meningitis.

neisseria

Match the organism with the disease that it causes. Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydophila psittaci - a common sexually transmitted disease - psittacosis - atypical pneumonia

Chlamydia trachomatis - a common sexually transmitted disease Chlamydophila pneumoniae - atypical pneumonia Chlamydophila psittaci - psittacosis

An organism found in an environment that is very hot and acidic is most likely a member of the domain _____

archaea

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the lactic acid bacteria? Most can grow in aerobic environments Possess the enzyme catalase Produce lactic acid from fermentation Can only ferment

Possess the enzyme catalase

Haemophilus species ______. are Gram-negative diplococci that are microbiota in the mucous membranes of animals are Gram-negative coccobacilli that require hematin and/or NAD for growth

are Gram-negative coccobacilli that require hematin and/or NAD for growth

Wolbachia pipientis ______. infects humans and other mammals and is transmitted via the bite of an infected tick or lice infects arthropods and parasitic worms and is transmitted maternally

infects arthropods and parasitic worms and is transmitted maternally

An organism that cannot reproduce outside of a host cell is termed an _____ _____ parasite

obligate intracellular

Treponema pallidum causes the sexually transmitted disease in humans called ______. "crabs" trichomoniasis syphilis "clap" gonorrhea

syphilis

Wolbachia pipientis is significant medically in diseases such as river blindness and elephantiasis because ______. the immune response to the bacteria contributes to chronic inflammation in these diseases it produces antimicrobial compounds used against the worms that cause these diseases it resides within the filarial worms that cause these diseases

the immune response to the bacteria contributes to chronic inflammation in these diseases it resides within the filarial worms that cause these diseases

All of the following are characteristics shared by both Helicobacter and Campylobacter EXCEPT ______. they cause diarrheal disease in humans they are microaerophilic they are Gram-negative curved rods

they cause diarrheal disease in humans

True or false: Cyanobacteria are morphologically diverse, ranging in shape from unicellular organisms to filamentous multicellular associations.

True

Facultative anaerobes preferentially use aerobic respiration if _____ is present.

O2

In addition to being photosynthetic, many cyanobacteria have the ability to convert nitrogen gas (N2) into ______, a process known as nitrogen fixation. elemental nitrogen ammonia nitrates nitrites

ammonia

Nitrifiers can be described as bacteria that ______. are Gram-positive obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrite obtain energy by reducing organic nitrogen compounds are Gram-negative

are Gram-negative obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrite

What benefit do rhizobia provide the plants cells in which they reside? They fix nitrogen that can be used by the plant. They fix carbon dioxide that can be used by the plant. They control levels of oxygen that can be used by the plant.

They fix nitrogen that can be used by the plant.

Which of the following statements about members of the family Enterobacteriaceae is NOT true? They include E. coli, Salmonella, and Proteus. They are facultative anaerobes. They only reside in the intestinal tract of humans. They include many medically relevant bacteria.

They only reside in the intestinal tract of humans.

Which of the following explains the relationship between plants and their rhizobial endosymbionts? Plants produce leghemoglobin, which binds to and keeps the levels of O2 low. The plant forms tumors in response to the infection by rhizobia. The rhizobia produce opines which only they can use as a nutrient source. Rhizobia fix nitrogen while residing inside plant cells.

Plants produce leghemoglobin, which binds to and keeps the levels of O2 low. Rhizobia fix nitrogen while residing inside plant cells.

Obligate aerobes obtain energy using _____ exclusively; none of them can ferment.

respiration

To differentiate species in the family Enterobacteriaceae, a microbiologist could use which of the following methods? serological tests ability to ferment glucose biochemical tests Gram stain

serological tests biochemical tests

_______ gain energy via the oxidation of reduced inorganic chemicals, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor. Aerobic chemoheterotrophs Anaerobic chemolithotrophs Anaerobic chemoheterotrophs Aerobic chemolithotrophs

Aerobic chemolithotrophs

Which of the following genera of endospore formers include both obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes? Bacillus Clostridium

Bacillus

Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria can incorporate both _____ and _____ into organic material, thus generating a form of these nutrients that can then be used by other organisms.

N2 CO2

Aerobic chemolithotrophs obtain energy by oxidizing reduced inorganic chemicals, using

O2

Which of the following are characteristics of the genus Propionibacterium? They are Gram-positive. They can ferment lactic acid. They grow best in an aerobic environment.

They are Gram-positive. They can ferment lactic acid.

All of the following are characteristic of green sulfur bacteria EXCEPT one. Which? have color pigments that are located in structures called trichomes form sulfur granules use hydrogen sulfide as a source of electrons lack flagella, but many possess gas vesicles

have color pigments that are located in structures called trichomes

When sulfur is used as a terminal electron acceptor in the metabolism of an organic compound, the products are carbon dioxide and ______. sulfuric acid sulfate hydrogen sulfide

hydrogen sulfide

Members of the genus Vibrio ______. include pathogens such as V. cholerae and V. vulnificus are typically found in acidic soil environments. are Gram-positive rods are obligate aerobes

include pathogens such as V. cholerae and V. vulnificus

Enterobacteriaceae get their name because they reside in the ______ tract of humans and animals. urinary respiratory intestinal genital

intestinal

In a healthy individual, anaerobes can regularly be found on and in the ______. sterile body fluids intestinal tract muscle tissue skin oral cavity

intestinal tract skin oral cavity

Chemoorganotrophs oxidize _____ compounds such as glucose to obtain energy.

organic

Pseudomonas species are Gram-negative rods that, unlike members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, are ______. oxidase-positive nonfermenters obligate fermenters with polar flagella obligate anaerobes

oxidase-positive nonfermenters

Aerobic chemoorganotrophs gain energy via the _______, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor. oxidation of organic compounds oxidation of inorganic compounds reduction of organic compounds reduction of inorganic compounds

oxidation of organic compounds

Nitrifying bacteria _______. Thus, levels of this gas can quickly decrease in aquatic environments. reduce nitrogen compounds using H2 reduce nitrogen compounds using O2 oxidize nitrogen compounds using H2 oxidize nitrogen compounds using O2

oxidize nitrogen compounds using O2

As a group, chemolithotrophs ______ to obtain energy. reduce oxidized organic compounds such as sugars reduce oxidized inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas oxidize reduced inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas oxidize reduced organic compounds such as sugars

oxidize reduced inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas

Cyanobacteria are a group of _______ bacteria. chemolithotrophic Gram-positive photosynthetic Gram-positive chemolithotrophic Gram-negative photosynthetic Gram-negative

photosynthetic Gram-negative

Lactic acid bacteria include all of the following genera EXCEPT _______. Lactococcus Streptococcus Lactobacillus Staphylococcus Leuconostoc

Staphylococcus

Ecophysiology is the study of the ______. physiological mechanisms bacteria and archaea use to live in terrestrial and aquatic environments varying systems in the human body and the diversity of the microbiota that inhabits them different environments on the planet in which bacteria and archaea live

physiological mechanisms bacteria and archaea use to live in terrestrial and aquatic environments

Spirochetes, a group of Gram-negative bacteria with a spiral shape, are distinguished by ______. motility by means of endoflagella a flexible cell wall motility by means of cilia

motility by means of endoflagella a flexible cell wall

A diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrate are known as _____

nitrifiers

Enteric bacteria that ferment ______ are called coliforms. glucose sucrose lactose maltose

lactose

The two most common genera of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria that form endospores are ______. Escherichia Staphylococcus Bacillus Clostridium Mycobacterium

Bacillus Clostridium

Which of the following genera consists of anaerobic Gram-positive rods that are commonly found as intestinal microbiota, particularly in breastfed infants? Corynebacterium Campylobacter Helicobacter Bifidobacterium

Bifidobacterium

Endospore-forming bacteria are typically ______. Gram-negative rods Gram-positive rods Gram-negative cocci Gram-positive cocci

Gram-positive rods

During photosynthesis, anoxygenic phototrophs use _______ as a source of electrons to make reducing power. O2 H2S H2O

H2S

Members of the genus ______ thrive in the dry and salty environment of the skin. Mycobacterium Staphylococcus Escherichia Mycoplasma

Staphylococcus

You isolate pleomorphic rods that are difficult to stain with the Gram-staining procedure. This organism is most likely a member of the genus ______. Pseudomonas Micrococcus Streptococcus Mycobacterium

Mycobacterium

A reason why environments that are routinely exposed to O2 can support anaerobic growth is that ______. O2-consuming organisms depletes the oxygen levels anaerobic organisms outcompete aerobes anaerobic organisms create an anaerobic environment

O2-consuming organisms depletes the oxygen levels

Beneficial characteristics of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria include ______. forming blooms in aquatic habitats that can lyse and decay, removing O2 from the water limiting atmospheric CO2 buildup providing an important source of usable nitrogen and carbon in nutrient poor environments producing a chemical, geosmin, that gives water a distinctive flavor

limiting atmospheric CO2 buildup providing an important source of usable nitrogen and carbon in nutrient poor environments

Propionibacterium species produce _____ acid as their major fermentation end product.

propionic

Which of the following can be used to distinguish between members of the genus Bacillus and Clostridium? their ability to form endospores their Gram-staining characteristics their oxygen requirements

their oxygen requirements

A special staining procedure called the ______ is used in the identification of Mycobacterium species. negative stain dark-field preparation acid-fast stain simple stain Gram stain

acid-fast stain

Most of the anaerobic chemolithotrophs that have been discovered are members of what domain? bacteria archaea eukarya

archaea

Presence of the enzyme _____ is a key characteristic of Staphylococcus species that is used to distinguish them from Gram-positive cocci that do not respire aerobically, such as Streptococcus species.

catalase

A key characteristic of the genus Mycoplasma is that they lack a _____ _____ , instead usually relying on sterols in their membrane to provide strength and rigidity.

cell wall

Species of Campylobacter and Helicobacter are ______. strict anaerobes irregularly shaped Gram-positive rods curved, Gram-negative rods microaerophilic

curved, Gram-negative rods microaerophilic

Unlike in other anoxygenic phototrophs, in purple bacteria, the components of the photosynthetic apparatus are all located in the cell's _____ membrane

cytoplasmic

Campylobacter jejuni infections are commonly associated with ______. stomach ulcers rashes diarrhea flu-like symptoms

diarrhea

Because the skin is ______, growth of many organisms is prevented. oily wet dry and salty nutrient poor

dry and salty

Characterized members of the domain ______ typically thrive in extreme environments, such as high heat, acidity, alkalinity, and salinity. Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Archaea

Which of the following does Wolbachia pipientis directly infect? Non-human primates Humans Arthropods Parasitic worms

Arthropods Parasitic worms

______ species are Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, make up about a third of the bacteria in fecal matter in humans, and are associated with abscesses and bloodstream infections. Bacteroides Campylobacter Clostridium Escherichia

Bacteroides

Which of the following are diseases caused by member of the Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species? A sexually transmitted infection that mimics gonorrhea Rocky Mountain spotted fever Psittacosis, a form of pneumonia Q fever Ehrlichiosis Atypical pneumonia Eye infections

Eye infections A sexually transmitted infection that mimics gonorrhea Atypical pneumonia Psittacosis, a form of pneumonia

The cells of species in the genus Neisseria are ______. Gram-positive spiral cocci Gram-negative typically found in pairs

Gram-negative cocci typically found in pairs

Species of the genus Haemophilus have what characteristics? often common inhabitants of the respiratory tract devoid of a cell wall but have sterols in the plasma membrane to provide strength Gram-negative coccobacilli "blood loving," as their name reflects

Gram-negative coccobacilli "blood loving," as their name reflects often common inhabitants of the respiratory tract

Antibiotics that interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis are ineffective in the treatment of _______ infections because these organisms lack a cell wall. Mycoplasma Corynebacterium Mycobacterium Histoplasma

Mycoplasma

Medically-significant members of the genus Neisseria include which of the following? N. pneumoniae N. tuberculosis N. genitalium N. gonorrhoaeae N. meningitidis

N. gonorrhoaeae N. meningitidis

I say: "Gram-negative bacteria, that are typically kidney-bean-shaped cocci in pairs. You say: "Edwardsiella" "Legionella" "Neisseria" "Bordetella"

Neisseria

Which of the following statements describe Bordetella species? They can inhabit the intestinal tract of chickens and cause diarrheal disease. They are aerobic Gram-negative coccobacilli. The most significant medical species causes whooping cough. They are microaerophilic curved Gram-negative rods.

They are aerobic Gram-negative coccobacilli. The most significant medical species causes whooping cough.

Wolbachia pipientis can be found inside parasitic worms that cause ______. elephantiasis ehrlichiosis schistosomiasis river blindness

elephantiasis river blindness

Chlamydia and Chlamydophila are transmitted directly from person-to-person and live within host cells as ______ parasites. abnormal strict extracellular obligate intracellular

obligate intracellular

Bifidobacterium species are ______. part of the intestinal microbiota Gram-negative aerobic coccobacilli Gram-positive, irregular rod-shaped anaerobes

part of the intestinal microbiota Gram-positive, irregular rod-shaped anaerobes

By definition, obligate intracellular parasites cannot ______. exist outside of a host cell cause disease produce a cell wall replicate outside of a host cell

replicate outside of a host cell

Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species can exist in the host as non-infectious _____ bodies which can replicate and later differentiate into smaller, dense-appearing infectious _____ bodies

reticulate elementary

Bordetella species are ______. small aerobic Gram-negative coccobacilli not known to cause any infections in human or animals curved microaerophilic Gram-negative rods nutritionally fastidious

small aerobic Gram-negative coccobacilli nutritionally fastidious

Members of the genera Treponema and Borrelia are characterized by their corkscrew shape and endoflagella, thus making them ______. Gram-negative bacilli spirochetes obligate anaerobes Gram-positive bacilli

spirochetes

Humans infected with Helicobacter pylori may develop peptic _____

ulcers

Sulfur-reducing bacteria have a positive impact on the environment because they ______. produce sulfuric acid, which can be harvested corrode pipes and other metals are an essential component of the sulfur cycle decompose eggs

are an essential component of the sulfur cycle

Which of the following describe the relationship between rhizobia and the legumes with which they form intimate relationships? Rhizobia are plant pathogens. Rhizobia live within cells formed in root nodules. Rhizobia cause the growth of tumors. Rhizobia fix nitrogen that can be used by the plant.

Rhizobia live within cells formed in root nodules. Rhizobia fix nitrogen that can be used by the plant.

Which of the following bacteria is typically a harmless resident of the skin? Staphylococcus epidermidis Leuconostoc mesenteroides Streptococcus pyogenes Micrococcus luteus

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Why are nitrifiers of concern regarding their environmental impact? They convert ammonium fertilizer to nitrate, which is more easily leached from soils. They aid in the buildup of nitrites in the soil. They consume dissolved O2 from waterways contaminated with nitrogen-containing wastes.

They convert ammonium fertilizer to nitrate, which is more easily leached from soils. They consume dissolved O2 from waterways contaminated with nitrogen-containing wastes.

Chemoorganotrophs that perform ______ often use sulfur or sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor. aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration fermentation

anaerobic respiration