Biology Ch 22: Fungi
lichen
A _____ consists of a fungus and an alga in a symbiotic relationship.
walls
A hyphae is a long sting of cells divided by _____.
molds
A mold or mould is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae. In contrast, fungi that can adopt a single-celled growth habit are called yeasts.
truffles
A strong-smelling underground fungus that resembles an irregular, rough-skinned potato, growing chiefly near the roots of broad-leaf plants. They are a culinary delicacy.
Morels
A widely distributed edible fungus that has a brown oval or pointed fruiting body with an irregular honeycombed surface bearing the spores.
heterotrophic
All fungi are _______.
economically important
An _______ _______ use of fungi is bread-making, production of antibiotics and making of alcoholic beverages.
outer shells of insects
Chitin if found in fungi and in _____ _____ _ _______.
Ascomycota
Division of fungi that reproduce sexually by forming Ascospores within sacs (Asci); Many are Saprobes; most food spoilage is due to fungi in this group; includes yeasts, morels, truffles
decomposers
Fungi are important to an ecosystem as ______.
outside
Fungi digest food _______ their body.
conida
Fungi formed without protection of a sac
organic molecules
Fungi obtain energy by absorbing _______ ________
absorption
Fungi obtain nutrients through __________.
nutrients
Hyphae are slender filaments that increase the surface area-to-volume of fungus to absorb _________ efficiently from the environment.
symbiotic association
In a _______ ________, such as a lichen, a fungus provides mineral nutrients to a photosynthetic partner.
mitosis
Most fungal spores are formed by _______.
basidiomycota
Mushrooms and toadstools are members of the phylum _______.
club fungi
Mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi are examples of ____ _____.
Deuteromycota
Phylum of the imperfect fungi (most scientists have reclassified these into phylum Ascomycets
sporangia
Reproductive structures in which spores form are known as ________.
parasites
Some fungi are _________.
stolons
Stem-like hyphae that grows along the surface of the food source
sexual reproduction structure.
The classification of organisms in the three phyla of the kingdom Fungi is based on ______ ________ _______.
mycelium
The densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus
zygomycetes
The group of fungi that includes the molds that often grow on bread is ________.
Crustose
Type of lichen that grows as a layer on the surface of rocks and trees
Fruticose
Type of lichen that is shrub-like
Foliose
Type of lichens that live on flat surfaces, where they form a matlike growth
Yeasts
Unicellular fungi whose colonies resemble those of bacteria. They are larger than bacteria
fungi
_____ do not contain chlorophyll, have cell walls, do not produce their own food.
zygospores
______ allow molds to remain dormant until conditions are favorable for their spores.
ascomycetes
______ have saclike reproductive cells in which spores grow, some are truffles and they are often used in the baking of bread.
commercial
_________ uses for fungi include antibiotics, wine-making and cheese making.
Stolons
a creeping stem that can develop roots and shoots at its nodes or at its tip to form new individuals.
Histoplasmosis
a disease that results from the inhalation of an airborne fungus (often from bird or bat droppings) that can affect the lungs (usually presents as pneumonia) and may spread to other organs
cap
a fruiting structure resembling an umbrella that forms the top of a stalked fleshy fungus such as a mushroom
Rhiziods
a horizontal underground stem that provides a mechanism for sexual for sexual reproduction.
Lichen
a mass of fungal and algal cells that grow together in a symbiotic relationship and that are usually found on rocks or trees.
gametangium
a sexual reproductive structure that contains a nucleus of a mating type
Zygosporangia
a sexual structure that is formed by the fusion of two gametangia and that contains one or more zygotes
sporangium
a specialized sac, case, or capsule, or other structure found on top of the sporangiophore that produces spores.
Basidium
a structure that produces asexual pores in basidiomycetes.
Mycorrhiza
a symbiotic association between a fungus and plant roots.
mycorrhiza
a symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots
zygosporangium
a thick-walled structure formed by fused gametangia that contains many diploid cells
fragmentation
a type of asexual reproduction where a septate hypha dries and shatters, releasing individual cells that act as spores
conidiophore
a type of hypha that bears asexual spores called conidia
Yeast
a very small unicellular fungus that ferments carbohydrates into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
ascocarp
a visible cuplike structure found in organisms of the phylum Ascomycota
basidiocarp
above ground spore-bearing structure of basidiomycetes
penicillin
any of various antibiotics obtained from penicillium molds (or produced synthetically) and used in the treatment of various infections and diseases
Rhizopus
any of various rot-causing fungi of the genus Rhizopus including black bread mold and an organic source of cortizone
budding
asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism
Budding
asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism.
Basidiomycota
club fungi that form basidiospores on club shaped structures called basidia: mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, smuts
basida
club-shaped reproductive structure in club fungi
Chitin
complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods
athlete's foot
contagious fungal infection in the outer skin layer that leads to skin eruptions which usually form small blisters between toes and sometimes fingers, followed by cracking, peeling and scaling
Zygomycota
division of fungi having sexually produced zygospores; includes bread mold
mycelium : hyphae
fungal food : organic molecules::
Tinea cruris
fungal infection of the groin (most common in men); often called "jock itch"
coenocytes
fungal species that have hyphae lacking septa
ascospores
haploid spore produced within the ascus of ascomycetes
Ringworm
highly contagious fungal infection marked by raised, itchy, circular patches with crust
saprophytic
living on dead or decaying organic matter
Hyphae
nonproductive filament of a fungus
aflatoxins
poisons produced by some species of Aspergillus that can contaminate corn, peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts causing liver cancer
asci
sacs in ascomycetes within the ascocarp that develop at the tips of the dikaryotic hyphae
sporangiophores
specialized hyphae that look like upright stalks.
basidiospores
spore in basidiomycetes that germinates to produce haploid primary mycelia
sporangiospores
spores made inside each sporangium
stalk
stem portion of a mushroom
Lichens
symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism
dimorphism
the ability of of some fungi to exist in two forms, depending in general on the temperature and availability of nutrients
mycology
the branch of botany that studies fungi and fungus-caused diseases
septaete - aseptaete
the cells that make up hyphae are divided by these cross sections; no dividers in hyphae
ascogonium
the female reproductive sexual organ or cell in the Phylum Ascomycete
rhizoids
the hyphae that anchor the fungus in the bread and penetrate the surface of the bread
Mycelium
the mass of fungal filaments or hyphae that forms the body of a fungus.
Ascus
the spore sac where ascomycetes produce ascospores.
hyphae
the thread-like filaments that make up a fungus
Saccharomyce cerevisiae
type of yeast commonly used to make bread, wine, and ethanol from the phylum Ascomyceta; also used in genetic research to develop vaccines
Candidiasis
yeast infections occurring on the skin or mucous membranes in the warm, moist areas such as the vagina or the mouth often caused by the fungus Candida