Biology Ch.13 Test

Viruses are in which domain of life?

TRICK QUESTION - none; bc they aren't alive

Cyanobacteria were probably responsible for what?

adding oxygen to the air on early Earth

Bacterial infections in people can be treated with what kind of drugs?

antibiotic

results from misuse and over-use of the drugs

antibiotic resistance

Though some _____ drugs are available, the more common ____ have no effect on viruses.

antibiotics

extremophile

any type of Archaea that lives in an extreme environment, such as a very salty, hot, or acidic environment

Binary fission is what kind of reproduction?

asexual

genetic transfer

method of increasing genetic variation in prokaryotes that involves cells "grabbing" stray pieces of DNA from their environment or exchanging DNA directly with other cells

Does bacteria have a cell wall?

no, only gram negative

Are viruses living or non-living?

non living

archaea

one of two prokaryote domains that includes organisms that live in extreme environments

vector

organism such as an insect that spreads pathogens from host to host

latency

period of dormancy of a virus inside a living body that may last for many years

Cyanobacteria make food through ____.

photosynthesis

Bacteria called cyanobacteria make food through ___ and release ___ into the air.

photosynthesis; oxygen

Cellular respiration & photosynthesis take place in the ____ of prokaryotes.

plasma membrane

small, circular pieces of DNA

plasmid

help prokaryotes move

flagella

Viruses are used as vectors in ____.

gene therapy

One significant difference between Bacteria and Archaea is that . . .

genes in Archaea have introns

What structures do viruses contain?

genetic material

used by prokaryotes to increase genetic variation

genetic transfer

Genetic transfer increases __ in prokaryotes.

genetic variation

Prokaryotes have a cell wall outside their plasma membrane, usually to ____.

give strength and rigidity to the cell

bacteria with a thin cell wall

gram-negative bacteria

bacteria with a thick cell wall

gram-positive bacteria

Gram Positive has . . .

has peptidoglycan

What kind of living conditions do hyperthermophiles live in?

heat

spiral

helical

The three shapes of viral capsids are ___, ___, ___.

helical, icosahedral, & complex

Name three shapes for viruses.

helical, icosanedral, complex

Name the three shapes for bacteria.

helical, sphere, rod

The most common prokaryotic shapes include ___, ___, & ____.

helix, sphere, rod

Viruses may cause illness by disrupting ___ in host cells.

homeostasis

One way viruses cause disease is by causing . . .

host cells to burst open and die.

Hyperthermophiles live in what kind of conditions?

hot water

20-sided

icosahedral

the ability to resist a pathogen.

immunity

virion #2

individual virus

virion

individual virus particle that consists of nucleic acid within a protein capsid

To replicate a virus must . . .

infect a host cell, and use the cell's ribosomes, enzymes, ATP, and other components

antibiotic

kills bacteria

antiviral

kills viruses

dormant state inside the body

latency

The virus that causes chicken pox may remain ____ within the body for decades.

latent

Are bacteria living or non-living?

living

archaea are living or non living?

living

flagella

long, thin protein extensions of the plasma membrane in most prokaryotic cells that help the cells move

Genetic transfer refers to how . . .

prokaryotes increase genetic variation

Many viral diseases can be prevented with ____.

proper vaccination

Describe a capsid.

protein coat that protects the genetic material of the virus

capsid

protein coat that surrounds the DNA or RNA of a virus particle

What color does gram positive stain?

purple

What color does gram negative stain?

red

Pilus

rod to transfer genes

What kind of living conditions do extreme halophiles live in?

salt

plasmid

small, circular piece of DNA in a prokaryotic cell

endospore

spores that form inside prokaryotic cells when they are under stress, enclosing the DNA and helping it survive conditions that may kill the cell

vaccine

substance containing modified pathogens that does not cause disease but provokes an immune response and results in immunity to the pathogen

Where do bacteria absorb DNA from?

the environment

Why do gram negatives stain red?

they don't retain stain

What do viruses need in order to replicate?

they need host to replicate through host ribosomes

Why do gram positives stain purple?

they retain stain

Name at least 3 ways humans use bacteria.

-Killing plant pests -transferring normal genes to human cells in gene therapy -cleaning up oil spills & toxic wastes

What kind of stress does bacteria go through to produce an endospore?

-antibiotic stress -chemical stress(chlorine) -UV radiation -heat

Name some similarities archaea/extremophiles have to bacteria.

-have flagella -have cell membrane -have DNA

Name some differences between archaea/extremophiles have to bacteria.

-have introns -making proteins -don't have peptidoglycan

Under ideal conditions, bacterial populations can double every ___.

20 minutes

What is a Domain?

A domain is the highest taxon, just above the kingdom.

Viruses cause diseases such as ___, ___, ___, and ____.

AIDS; influenza; chicken pox; the common cold

___ have no effect on viruses.

Antibiotics

first discovered in extreme environments

Archaea

List three main differences between bacteria and archaea.

Archaea's flagella is unique to archaea, bacteria's flagella is unique to bacteria. For bacteria, introns are mostly absent, but not for Archaea. And bacteria's membrane is unique to bacteria, and Archaea is unique to bacteria and Eukarya.

the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on Earth

Bacteria

What are some benefits of bacteria?

Bacteria provide vital ecosystem services. They are important decomposers. They are also needed for the carbon and nitrogen cycles. There are billions of bacteria inside the human intestines. They help digest food, make vitamins, and play other important roles.

Name an example of latency.

Chicken pox; can later turn into shingles because they stay latent in the body.

A plasmid is an extra-chromosomal piece of ___.

DNA

Bacteria absorb ___ from the environment.

DNA

Viruses genetic material can be __ or __.

DNA or RNA

A virus particle consists of ___ or ___ within a ___.

DNA; RNA; protein coat

What do flagella and endospores do in prokaryotes?

Endospores enclose the DNA and help it survive under conditions that may kill the cell. Flagella help prokaryotes move.

What is an extremophile?

Extremophiles are archaea that live and thrive in extreme conditions.

cyanobacteria

Gram-positive blue-green photosynthetic bacteria of the type that added oxygen to Earth's early atmosphere and evolved into chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells

___ causes cancer of the cervix in females.

HPV

___ virus causes cancer of the liver.

Hepatitis B

Describe the traits of the virus that causes the common cold

It is an RNA virus with a complex capsid surrounded by an envelope

Why can viruses not make their own proteins?

LONGER ANSWER: Because viruses do not consist of cells, they also lack cell membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and other cell organelles. Without these structures, they are unable to make proteins or even reproduce on their own. SIMPLIFIED: they lack the organelles

Can viruses be killed by antibiotics?

No- viruses are non-living and antiBIOtics are meant to kill living things.

What are the different replication methods for DNA & RNA viruses?

RNA: virus needs to just be translated DNA: virus need to be both transcribed and translated

Explain the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

The difference between the two are their cell wall composition and outer membrane.

What was their most significant contribution?

They make food through photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air.

What are the three domains of life?

The prokaryote domains are Bacteria and Archaea, and the third domain is Eukarya.

What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotic cells?

The shapes are helices, spheres, and rods.

What are cyanobacteria?

They are bluish green in color because they contain chlorophyll.

What kind of living conditions do acidophiles live in?

acid

Latency refers to

a dormant state of the virus inside a host's body

antibiotic resistance

ability to withstand antibiotic drugs that has evolved in some bacteria

Genetic transfer is only for what?

bacteria

The prokaryotic domains are ___ & ____.

bacteria; archaea

There are __ of bacteria inside the human intestines that help digest food.

billions

How do bacteria replicate?

binary fission (mitosis)

a colony of prokaryotes that is stuck to a surface

biofilm

lyse

break apart or burst

a protective protein coat

capsid

Viruses have ___ and/or ___

capsid and/or

What structures do viruses lack?

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes

Gram Negative has . . .

cell wall&small amount of peptidoglycan

Cyanobacteria contain ____.

chlorophyll

Prokaryotic DNA is usually ____ and located in the ____.

circular; cytoplasm.

biofilm

colony of prokaryotes that is stuck to a surface such as a rock or a host's tissue

A vaccine . . .

contains a changed pathogen, so the pathogen is no longer harmful.

Bacteria that were responsible for adding oxygen to the air on early Earth.

cyanobacteria

The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is in the ___ because the cell lacks a ___.

cytoplasm; nucleus

Archaea live everywhere on Earth, including extreme environments such as ___.

deep sea vents

Viruses ___ meet most of the criteria of life.

do not

bacteria

domain of prokaryotes, some of which cause human diseases

antibiotic drug

drug that kills bacteria and cures bacterial infections and diseases

Viruses are so small that they can be seen only with an ____ microscope.

electron

enclose the DNA and help it survive under conditions that may kill the cell

endospore

surrounds the capsid and helps protect the virus.

envelope

Name the three types of extremophiles/Archaea.

extreme halophiles, hyperthermophiles, acidophiles

Name the three types of extremophiles.

extreme halophiles, hyperthermophiles, and acidophiles

Prokaryotes that are specialized to live in extreme environments

extremophile

archaea are . . .

extremophiles

Viruses can make their own proteins and replicate own their own (true or false).

false

A biofilm is a colony of prokaryotes that is stuck to a surface such as a host's ____.

tissue

What was the first bacteria discovered?

tobacco mosaic virus

Viruses have DNA (true or false).

true

gram-positive bacteria

type of bacteria that stain purple with Gram stain and have a thick cell wall without an outer membrane

gram-negative bacteria

type of bacteria that stain red with Gram stain and have a thin cell wall with an outer membrane

a substance that contains harmless pathogens

vaccine

Many ___ can be prevented by giving people vaccines.

viral diseases

an individual virus

virion

usually considered to be nonliving

virus