Biology Ch.13 Test
Viruses are in which domain of life?
TRICK QUESTION - none; bc they aren't alive
Cyanobacteria were probably responsible for what?
adding oxygen to the air on early Earth
Bacterial infections in people can be treated with what kind of drugs?
antibiotic
results from misuse and over-use of the drugs
antibiotic resistance
Though some _____ drugs are available, the more common ____ have no effect on viruses.
antibiotics
extremophile
any type of Archaea that lives in an extreme environment, such as a very salty, hot, or acidic environment
Binary fission is what kind of reproduction?
asexual
genetic transfer
method of increasing genetic variation in prokaryotes that involves cells "grabbing" stray pieces of DNA from their environment or exchanging DNA directly with other cells
Does bacteria have a cell wall?
no, only gram negative
Are viruses living or non-living?
non living
archaea
one of two prokaryote domains that includes organisms that live in extreme environments
vector
organism such as an insect that spreads pathogens from host to host
latency
period of dormancy of a virus inside a living body that may last for many years
Cyanobacteria make food through ____.
photosynthesis
Bacteria called cyanobacteria make food through ___ and release ___ into the air.
photosynthesis; oxygen
Cellular respiration & photosynthesis take place in the ____ of prokaryotes.
plasma membrane
small, circular pieces of DNA
plasmid
help prokaryotes move
flagella
Viruses are used as vectors in ____.
gene therapy
One significant difference between Bacteria and Archaea is that . . .
genes in Archaea have introns
What structures do viruses contain?
genetic material
used by prokaryotes to increase genetic variation
genetic transfer
Genetic transfer increases __ in prokaryotes.
genetic variation
Prokaryotes have a cell wall outside their plasma membrane, usually to ____.
give strength and rigidity to the cell
bacteria with a thin cell wall
gram-negative bacteria
bacteria with a thick cell wall
gram-positive bacteria
Gram Positive has . . .
has peptidoglycan
What kind of living conditions do hyperthermophiles live in?
heat
spiral
helical
The three shapes of viral capsids are ___, ___, ___.
helical, icosahedral, & complex
Name three shapes for viruses.
helical, icosanedral, complex
Name the three shapes for bacteria.
helical, sphere, rod
The most common prokaryotic shapes include ___, ___, & ____.
helix, sphere, rod
Viruses may cause illness by disrupting ___ in host cells.
homeostasis
One way viruses cause disease is by causing . . .
host cells to burst open and die.
Hyperthermophiles live in what kind of conditions?
hot water
20-sided
icosahedral
the ability to resist a pathogen.
immunity
virion #2
individual virus
virion
individual virus particle that consists of nucleic acid within a protein capsid
To replicate a virus must . . .
infect a host cell, and use the cell's ribosomes, enzymes, ATP, and other components
antibiotic
kills bacteria
antiviral
kills viruses
dormant state inside the body
latency
The virus that causes chicken pox may remain ____ within the body for decades.
latent
Are bacteria living or non-living?
living
archaea are living or non living?
living
flagella
long, thin protein extensions of the plasma membrane in most prokaryotic cells that help the cells move
Genetic transfer refers to how . . .
prokaryotes increase genetic variation
Many viral diseases can be prevented with ____.
proper vaccination
Describe a capsid.
protein coat that protects the genetic material of the virus
capsid
protein coat that surrounds the DNA or RNA of a virus particle
What color does gram positive stain?
purple
What color does gram negative stain?
red
Pilus
rod to transfer genes
What kind of living conditions do extreme halophiles live in?
salt
plasmid
small, circular piece of DNA in a prokaryotic cell
endospore
spores that form inside prokaryotic cells when they are under stress, enclosing the DNA and helping it survive conditions that may kill the cell
vaccine
substance containing modified pathogens that does not cause disease but provokes an immune response and results in immunity to the pathogen
Where do bacteria absorb DNA from?
the environment
Why do gram negatives stain red?
they don't retain stain
What do viruses need in order to replicate?
they need host to replicate through host ribosomes
Why do gram positives stain purple?
they retain stain
Name at least 3 ways humans use bacteria.
-Killing plant pests -transferring normal genes to human cells in gene therapy -cleaning up oil spills & toxic wastes
What kind of stress does bacteria go through to produce an endospore?
-antibiotic stress -chemical stress(chlorine) -UV radiation -heat
Name some similarities archaea/extremophiles have to bacteria.
-have flagella -have cell membrane -have DNA
Name some differences between archaea/extremophiles have to bacteria.
-have introns -making proteins -don't have peptidoglycan
Under ideal conditions, bacterial populations can double every ___.
20 minutes
What is a Domain?
A domain is the highest taxon, just above the kingdom.
Viruses cause diseases such as ___, ___, ___, and ____.
AIDS; influenza; chicken pox; the common cold
___ have no effect on viruses.
Antibiotics
first discovered in extreme environments
Archaea
List three main differences between bacteria and archaea.
Archaea's flagella is unique to archaea, bacteria's flagella is unique to bacteria. For bacteria, introns are mostly absent, but not for Archaea. And bacteria's membrane is unique to bacteria, and Archaea is unique to bacteria and Eukarya.
the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on Earth
Bacteria
What are some benefits of bacteria?
Bacteria provide vital ecosystem services. They are important decomposers. They are also needed for the carbon and nitrogen cycles. There are billions of bacteria inside the human intestines. They help digest food, make vitamins, and play other important roles.
Name an example of latency.
Chicken pox; can later turn into shingles because they stay latent in the body.
A plasmid is an extra-chromosomal piece of ___.
DNA
Bacteria absorb ___ from the environment.
DNA
Viruses genetic material can be __ or __.
DNA or RNA
A virus particle consists of ___ or ___ within a ___.
DNA; RNA; protein coat
What do flagella and endospores do in prokaryotes?
Endospores enclose the DNA and help it survive under conditions that may kill the cell. Flagella help prokaryotes move.
What is an extremophile?
Extremophiles are archaea that live and thrive in extreme conditions.
cyanobacteria
Gram-positive blue-green photosynthetic bacteria of the type that added oxygen to Earth's early atmosphere and evolved into chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells
___ causes cancer of the cervix in females.
HPV
___ virus causes cancer of the liver.
Hepatitis B
Describe the traits of the virus that causes the common cold
It is an RNA virus with a complex capsid surrounded by an envelope
Why can viruses not make their own proteins?
LONGER ANSWER: Because viruses do not consist of cells, they also lack cell membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and other cell organelles. Without these structures, they are unable to make proteins or even reproduce on their own. SIMPLIFIED: they lack the organelles
Can viruses be killed by antibiotics?
No- viruses are non-living and antiBIOtics are meant to kill living things.
What are the different replication methods for DNA & RNA viruses?
RNA: virus needs to just be translated DNA: virus need to be both transcribed and translated
Explain the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
The difference between the two are their cell wall composition and outer membrane.
What was their most significant contribution?
They make food through photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air.
What are the three domains of life?
The prokaryote domains are Bacteria and Archaea, and the third domain is Eukarya.
What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotic cells?
The shapes are helices, spheres, and rods.
What are cyanobacteria?
They are bluish green in color because they contain chlorophyll.
What kind of living conditions do acidophiles live in?
acid
Latency refers to
a dormant state of the virus inside a host's body
antibiotic resistance
ability to withstand antibiotic drugs that has evolved in some bacteria
Genetic transfer is only for what?
bacteria
The prokaryotic domains are ___ & ____.
bacteria; archaea
There are __ of bacteria inside the human intestines that help digest food.
billions
How do bacteria replicate?
binary fission (mitosis)
a colony of prokaryotes that is stuck to a surface
biofilm
lyse
break apart or burst
a protective protein coat
capsid
Viruses have ___ and/or ___
capsid and/or
What structures do viruses lack?
cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes
Gram Negative has . . .
cell wall&small amount of peptidoglycan
Cyanobacteria contain ____.
chlorophyll
Prokaryotic DNA is usually ____ and located in the ____.
circular; cytoplasm.
biofilm
colony of prokaryotes that is stuck to a surface such as a rock or a host's tissue
A vaccine . . .
contains a changed pathogen, so the pathogen is no longer harmful.
Bacteria that were responsible for adding oxygen to the air on early Earth.
cyanobacteria
The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is in the ___ because the cell lacks a ___.
cytoplasm; nucleus
Archaea live everywhere on Earth, including extreme environments such as ___.
deep sea vents
Viruses ___ meet most of the criteria of life.
do not
bacteria
domain of prokaryotes, some of which cause human diseases
antibiotic drug
drug that kills bacteria and cures bacterial infections and diseases
Viruses are so small that they can be seen only with an ____ microscope.
electron
enclose the DNA and help it survive under conditions that may kill the cell
endospore
surrounds the capsid and helps protect the virus.
envelope
Name the three types of extremophiles/Archaea.
extreme halophiles, hyperthermophiles, acidophiles
Name the three types of extremophiles.
extreme halophiles, hyperthermophiles, and acidophiles
Prokaryotes that are specialized to live in extreme environments
extremophile
archaea are . . .
extremophiles
Viruses can make their own proteins and replicate own their own (true or false).
false
A biofilm is a colony of prokaryotes that is stuck to a surface such as a host's ____.
tissue
What was the first bacteria discovered?
tobacco mosaic virus
Viruses have DNA (true or false).
true
gram-positive bacteria
type of bacteria that stain purple with Gram stain and have a thick cell wall without an outer membrane
gram-negative bacteria
type of bacteria that stain red with Gram stain and have a thin cell wall with an outer membrane
a substance that contains harmless pathogens
vaccine
Many ___ can be prevented by giving people vaccines.
viral diseases
an individual virus
virion
usually considered to be nonliving
virus
