Biology CH:5 Endocrine System
Which of the following is NOT a type of Tyrosine Derivative? (A) Cortisol (B) Adrenaline (C) Thyroid Hormones (D) Norepinephrine
(A) Cortisol Cortisol is a classic Steroid hormone. Tyrosine Derivatives include Catecholamines (Norepinephrine and Adrenaline) and Thyroid Hormones.
Fill in the blanks: A protein hormone binding to its extracellular receptor is acting as a ________ messenger, whereas the intracellular effects must be mediated by a ________ messenger. (A) First, Second (B) Primary, Secondary (C) Second, First (D) Secondary, Primary
(A) First, Second A protein hormone binding to its extracellular receptor is acting as a First messenger, whereas the intracellular effects must be mediated by a Second messenger.
Fill in the blanks: Based on the previous descriptions, Type I Diabetics are _______________, whereas Type II Diabetics are _____________. (A) Insulin-Dependent, Insulin-Independent (B) Insulin-Independent, Insulin-Independent (C) Insulin-Dependent, Insulin-Dependent (D) Insulin-Independent, Insulin-Dependent
(A) Insulin-Dependent, Insulin-Independent Based on the previous descriptions, Type I Diabetics are Insulin-Dependent, whereas Type II Diabetics are Insulin-Independent. This means that Type II diabetics could be prescribed hormones to increase insulin secretion, whereas Type I diabetics must have insulin prescribed to them.
Which of the following hormone classes vary the most in size, are made in the Rough ER, and are later packaged in the Golgi before vesicular release? (A) Polypeptides/proteins (B) Steroids (C) Tryptophan derivatives (D) Tyrosine derivatives
(A) Polypeptides/proteins These polypeptides/proteins can vary from a few amino acids to very large proteins. Proteins are made in the Rough ER, and these hormones are packaged in the Golgi before vesicular release.
Wait, if the steroids can enter any cell, how is specificity of action possible? (A) Steroids will only cause an effect in cells with their intracellular receptors expressed. (B) Steroids will only cause an effect in cells with their intracellular receptors coded for in the cell's DNA. (C) Steroids are meant to cause an effect in all cells, so specificity is not an issue. (D) This is false. Only certain cell membranes are permeable to steroids.
(A) Steroids will only cause an effect in cells with their intracellular receptors expressed. Remember, if the receptor is not expressed, then there is no way for any hormone to have an effect!
Which of the following describes the purpose of thymosin (A) T cell development and differentiation (B) produce acidic hormones used in the stomach (C) inhibits insulin and glucagon (D) increases blood glucose levels
(A) T cell development and differentiation
After steroid hormones bind to receptors they for a hormone-receptor complex which is responsible for which of the following? (A) altering transcription of genes (B) causing positive feedback loop to generate more hormone (C) activate primary messengers (D) none of the above
(A) altering transcription of genes after the steroid hormone binds intracellularly to its receptors a conformational change (typically dimerization occurs) to generate a hormone-receptor compels which binds to Dan and alters transcription of genes.
What is the function of LH in female and male development? (A) promotes ovulation, promotes testosterone production (B) promotes development of follicles and spermatogenesis (C) promotes milk production, and spermatogenesis (D) promotes ovulation and milk production
(A) promotes ovulation, promotes testosterone production
The Endocrine System relies upon receptors for the hormones to have an effect on the cells. Which of the following scenarios is this most similar to? (A) A professor only has students show up to his office hours right before an exam. (B) A tablet needs to hook up to WiFi before it can access social media. (C) A cell phone can play a few games, even when it is not getting any bars of reception. (D) A dog will only come back to its owner when it gets too cold to stay outside.
(B) A tablet needs to hook up to WiFi before it can access Instagram In example (B), there is a necessary signal (the WiFi) that must interact with a receptor (the tablet) to allow a certain function (accessing social media).
Which of the following hormones is an antagonist to Aldosterone and Vasopressin, increasing sodium excretion (and therefore water excretion) without affecting osmolarity? (A) Erythropoieten (B) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) (C) Thymosin (D) Somatostatin
(B) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) ANP is a peptide hormone released in high blood pressure conditions to increase sodium and water excretion, antagonizing Aldosterone and Vasopressin.
Because of their __________ nature, the protein class of hormones have receptors located ____________. (A) Charged, intracellularly (B) Charged, in the cell membrane (C) Non-polar, intracellularly (D) Non-polar, in the cell membrane.
(B) Charged, in the cell membrane Because of their charged nature, the protein class of hormones have receptors located in the cell membrane.
Which of the following best describes how the majority of protein and steroid hormones will travel in the blood? (A) Due to relative size differences, protein hormones travel freely in the blood and steroids must be bound to binding-proteins. (B) Due to differences in polarity, protein hormones travel freely in the blood and steroids must be bound to binding-proteins. (C) Due to relative size differences, steroids travel freely in the blood and protein hormones must be bound to binding-proteins. (D) Due to differences in polarity, Steroids travel freely in the blood and protein hormones must be bound to binding-proteins.
(B) Due to differences in polarity, protein hormones travel freely in the blood and steroids must be bound to binding-proteins.
Which of the following is not a mechanism that causes ADH to be produced and released I. low BP II. high BV III. decreased atrial stretch IV. increased osmolarity above 280 mOSm (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and III only (D) I, III and IV only
(B) II only high BV does NOT cause ADH to be released. low BP causes both decreased BP and atrial stretch which stimulates the hypothalamus to produced more ADH
Which class of hormones has a characteristic cyclic portion made of three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring, and are synthesized from cholesterol? (A) Polypeptides/proteins (B) Steroids (C) Tryptophan derivatives (D) Tyrosine derivatives
(B) Steroids
In a negative feedback loop, how is the upstream endocrine gland given feedback? (A) Via nerves that are activated by the downstream hormone (B) Via receptors on the upstream endocrine gland for the downstream hormone (C) Via sensing the effects of the downstream hormone (D) There is no known mechanism
(B) Via receptors on the upstream endocrine gland for the downstream hormone In a negative feedback loop, the upstream endocrine gland is given feedback via receptors on the upstream endocrine gland for the downstream hormone.
The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary by the ________ and connected to the posterior pituitary by the ________ (A) hypophyseal tract, hypophyseal portal system (B) hypophyseal portal system, hypophyseal tract (C) hypophyseal portal system, hypophyseal portal system (D) hypophyseal tract, hypophyseal tract
(B) hypophyseal portal system, hypophyseal tract the hypothalamus and anterior pit are connected via the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system the hypothalamus and posterior pit is connected by the hypophyseal tract (a bindle of axons)
How is calcium balance affected in hypercortisolism? (A) positive calcium balance (B) negative calcium balance (C) Cortisol has no effect on calcium (D) none of the above
(B) negative calcium balance Excess cortisol causes a negative calcium balance (more is being excreted than being brought in). This is by individuals with hypercortisolism are more likely to develop osteoporosis
Which of the following best describes the action of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)? (A) performs the same function as aldosterone (B) performs the opposite action as aldosterone (C) performs the same action as somatostatin (D) preforms the opposite action as somatostatin
(B) performs the opposite action as aldosterone ANP is an antagonist to aldosterone It increases Na+ and water excretion which ultimately lowers ones bloop pressure
What is the function of FSH in female and male development? (A) promotes ovulation, promotes testosterone production (B) promotes development of follicles and spermatogenesis (C) promotes milk production, and spermatogenesis (D) promotes ovulation and milk production
(B) promotes development of follicles and spermatogenesis
Which of the following would best describe a T-cell's activation by the Interleukin-2 it secreted? (A) Paracrine (B) Holocrine (C) Autocrine (D) Endocrine
(C) Autocrine Because that Interleukin-2 was secreted by and acted on the same cell, it would be best described as autocrine hormone signaling.
Clearly, there is some redundancy in hormonal actions. Which of the following statements is NOT ALWAYS true? (A) Some hormone effects are vital for maintaining homeostasis, warranting some redundancy. (B) Having multiple hormones acting with the same end goal will help reach the end goal quicker. (C) Having multiple hormones with the same end goal will rely upon the same mechanism. (D) Some hormones act as Permissive Hormones, enabling other hormones to achieve their full effect.
(C) Having multiple hormones with the same end goal will rely upon the same mechanism. Although this could happen, there are many counterexamples. For instance, Aldosterone increases water retention using sodium reabsorption, whereas Vasopressing is sodium-independent.
Which of the following is the proper name for that feedback control loop with hormones? (A) Pituitary-Target Control Axis (B) Hypothalamic-Target Control Axis (C) Hypothalamic-Pituitary Control Axis (D) Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Target Control Axis
(C) Hypothalamic-Pituitary Control Axis In the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Control Axis, the hormone these structures are stimulating the release of can inhibit the actions of those upstream structures.
Martha visited her primary care physician because she was having issues with being dehydrated and not able to breastfeed her newborn. Which of the following endocrine glands does the doctor think is malfunctioning? (A) Pancreas (B) Parathyroid (C) Hypothalamus (D) Adrenal Gland
(C) Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is in charge of producing ADH, an antidiuretic hormone, and oxytocin, which is necessary for the letdown of milk in breastfeeding.
Which of the following hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland before release? I. ADH II. Oxytocin III. TSH (A) I only (B) III only (C) I and II (D) I and III
(C) I and II ADH and Oxytocin are both produced in the hypothalamus, but stored in the posterior pituitary gland before release.
Which of the following are water-conserving hormones? I. Aldosterone II. Vasopressin III. Oxytocin (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) I and III only
(C) I and II only Two hormones that can increase water conservation are Aldosterone and Vasopressin (ADH).
Which of the following are direct hormones from the anterior pituitary gland? I. TSH II. Prolactin III. Growth Hormone (A) II only (B) I and III (C) II and III (D) I, II and III
(C) II and III Think of the mnemonic device "FLAT PEG": FLAT are the tropic hormones that stimulate endocrine glands: FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH (FLAT). PEG are the direct hormones: Prolactin, endorphins, and growth hormone.
Because of their __________ nature, the steroid class of hormones have receptors located ____________. (A) Charged, intracellularly (B) Charged, in the cell membrane (C) Non-polar, intracellularly (D) Non-polar, in the cell membrane.
(C) Non-polar, intracellularly Because of their non-polar nature, the steroid class of hormones have receptors located intracellularly.
Which of the following endocrine glands is most likely going to be affected after digesting a meal with a large amount of sugar? (A) Thyroid (B) Parathyroid (C) Pancreas (D) Hypothalamus
(C) Pancreas The pancreas secretes both glucagon and insulin to control blood sugar levels.
Which of the following disease states would NOT be caused by altered Growth Hormone levels? (A) Dwarfism (B) Acromegaly (C) Ricketts (D) Gigantism
(C) Ricketts Ricketts is known for having weak or soft bones in children. Although growth hormone can effect bone growth, Ricketts is more associated with Vitamin D Deficiency.
Which of the following are symptoms NOT reported by patients with untreated Diabetes Insipidus? (A) Polydipsia [increased thirst] (B) Polyurea [increased urine production] (C) Sweet-tasting urine (D) Hyperglycemia
(C) Sweet-tasting urine Sweet-tasting urine would be found in patients with untreated Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Insipidus is known more for its diluted urine, not being sweet (having glucose in it).
Which of the following is not one of the major structural classifications of hormones? (A) Polypeptides/proteins (B) Steroids (C) Tryptophan derivatives (D) Tyrosine derivatives
(C) Tryptophan derivatives The three major types of hormones are: (1) Polypeptides/proteins (2) Steroids (3) Tyrosine Derivatives
Another name for PIH is (A) lactate (B) serotonin (C) dopamine (D) NE
(C) dopamine
Which of the following endocrine glands is improperly matched to its function? (A) Pituitary Gland - Directs other endocrine glands in their function (B) Thyroid - Monitoring metabolism (C) Parathyroid - controlling calcium levels in the blood (D) Adrenal medulla - producing steroids
(D) Adrenal medulla - producing steroids The Adrenal medulla is responsible for producing catecholamines, while the Adrenal cortex produces steroids.
Which of the following are functions of thyroid hormones I. increase carbohydrate metabolism II. increased metabolic activity III. gluconeogenesis IV. high O2 consumption V. cold intolerance VI. decrease BP (A) I and II only (B) V and VI only (C) I, II, V and VI only (D) I, II III, and IV only
(D) I, II III, and IV only the following are functions of TH: increase metabolic activity increase carbohydrate metabolism gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis increase O2 consumption increases ATP usage
Which of the following are types of hormones produced by the Adrenal cortex? I. Glucocorticoids II. Mineralocorticoids III. Sex Hormones (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) I, II, and III
(D) I, II, and III The Adrenal Cortex can produce Glucocorticoids (involved in glucose homeostasis), Mineralocorticoids (involved in water and salt homeostasis), and Cortical Sex Hormones (androgens and estrogens).
Which of the following is the proper order of action for most steroid hormones after entering the cell? I. Dimerization of receptors II. Translocation of receptors to the nucleus III. Binding to the intracellular receptor IV. Transcription is effected (A) I, II, III, IV (B) I, III, II, IV (C) III, II, I, IV (D) III, I, II, IV
(D) III, I, II, IV The proper order of actions for most steroid hormones after entering the target cell are as follows: 1. Binding to the intracellular receptor 2. Dimerization of Receptors 3. Translocation of receptors to the nucleus 4. Transcription is effected
Which of the following endocrine glands is most likely going to be affected after digesting a meal with a large amount of calcium? (A) Hypothalamus (B) Parathyroid (C) Adrenal (D) None of the above
(D) None of the above Parathyroid hormone is partly responsible for controlling calcium levels in the blood, but it would be released when blood calcium levels are LOW, and need to be elevated!
Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of the Gonads in the Endocrine System? (A) Production of sex hormones (B) Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics (C) Progressing the body through various sexual stages, like puberty and menopause (D) Production of Urine
(D) Production of Urine The Gonads produce sex hormones, which develop secondary sexual characteristics and guide the body through sexual stages like puberty and menopause.
A G-Protein falls under which of the following classes? (A) Tyrosine Derivative (B) Polypeptide Hormone (C) Primary Messenger System (D) Secondary Messenger System
(D) Secondary Messenger System G-Proteins and G-protein coupled receptors are classic examples of the Secondary Messenger system.
Which of the following best describes the function of somatostatin (A) secretes gastrin (B) secretes glucagon (C) secretes insulin (D) inhibits insulin and glucagon
(D) inhibits insulin and glucagon
Which of the following is not an example of a secondary messenger? (A) cAMP (B) Ca2+ (C) diaglycerol (DAG) (D) inositol triphosphate (IP3) (E) Phospholipase C
(E) Phospholipase C Phospholipase C is a primary effector not a secondary messenger The other choices are all examples of secondary messengers
What is the mechanism of calcitonin action?
1. increases kidney excretion of Ca2+ in urine 2. decrease Ca2+ absorption in intestines 3. increased Ca2+ storeage in bones
What is the mechanism of PTH action?
1. indirectly stimulates osteoclasts activity to increase bone resorption 2. Increases renal Ca2+ absorption 3. increases intestinal absorption of Ca2+ by increasing the synthesis of Vitamin D3
Compare tropic hormones from the pituitary gland to the direct hormones released by other endocrine glands?
A Tropic Hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate other endocrine glands. Those other endocrine glands release direct hormones that will have an effect on cells.
Describe the downstream affects of ANG2 on the following: Arterioles CVCC Adrenal Cortex Hypothalamus Proximal tubule
ANG2 causes -Vasoconstriction -increase sympathetic and decrease parasympathetic response --> inc HR --> Inc BP - increase aldosterone --> increase Na+ reabsorption --> Inc BV --> inc BP - increase ADH and thirst - increase Na+ reabsorption
Insulin signaling issues can lead to Diabetic conditions. Compare Type I and Type II Diabetes.
Both Type I and Type II diabetes are characterized by decreased insulin signaling, leading to high plasma glucose levels. Type I Diabetes is when the beta-cells themselves have been destroyed and insulin cannot be produced; Type II Diabetes is when there is a resistance in Insulin Signaling on the receptor level.
Which of the following is not a way that hormone levels are regulated in the body? (A) Negative feedback loops (B) Metabolized in liver (C) Digested in small intestine (D) Filtered out by kidneys
C) Digested in small intestine Hormones are regulated by negative feedback loops, being metabolized in the liver, and by being filtered out by the kidneys
What function does calbindin serve?
Calbindin mediates intestinal absorption of Ca2+
Compare calcitonin and PTH
Calcitonin: decreases blood Ca2+levels (calciTONin TONes down calcium levels) PTH: increases blood Ca2+ levels
Cretinism is a form of ________ caused by ______ deficiency Fill in the blank with: hyperthyroidism, tyrosine, hypothyroidism, iodine, serine
Cretinism is a form of HYPOTHYROIDISM caused by IODINE deficiency
Which of the following is NOT an example of a tyrosine derivative? (A) Thyroxine [T3] (B) T4 (C) Epinephrine (D) Cortisol
D) Cortisol Thyroxine [T3], T4, and Epinephrine are all examples of Tyrosine derivatives.
Dawn's therapist recommmended that she try cognitive behavioral therapy to cope with her agoraphobia. The therapist hopes that she will become conditioned to these situations with increased exposure, and her fight or flight response will decrease. Which of the following experiments is the therapist hoping to emulate? (A) B.F. Skinner shaping birds' actions to spin around by gradually reinforcing similar behavior. (B) A dog trainer using chaining to teach the dog a 3-minute "dance" routine slowly over time (C) Pavlov's dogs being conditioned to salivate when a bell is rung, since it signals food. (D) Pavlov's dogs, over time, becoming habituated with the bell ringing and salivating less than when first conditioned.
D) Pavlov's dogs, over time, becoming habituated with the bell ringing and salivating less than when first conditioned. The key idea of this form of cognitive behavioral therapy recommended to Dawn was habituation of the response when faced with the unfamiliar situation.
T/F Aldosterone is regulated by ACTH
F Aldosterone is regulated by the RAAS System
T/F Peptide hormones are derived from a single type of modified amino acid
F Peptide hormone are derived from polypeptides that are cleaved during post translational modifications
T/F endorphins increases pain sensation
F endorphins decrease pain sensation
T/F the ventricles on the heart secrete ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
F the atria of the heart secretes ANP when stretched
T/F ADH does not change the osmolarity of blood
F ADH causes the reabsorption of water from the distal nephron to the blood as a result you are diluting the blood (changing its osmolarity)
What are the seven hormones released by the anterior pituitary?
FLAT PEG FSH, LH, ACTH, TH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH
T rue or false: The hypophyseal portal system is used by the hypothalamus to communicate with the posterior pituitary gland.
False. The hypophyseal portal system is used by the hypothalamus to communicate with the ANTERIOR pituitary gland.
True or false? There are other physical conditions, like pregnancy, that can permanently affect tropic and other hormone concentrations.
False. There are other physical conditions, like pregnancy, that can TRANSIENTLY affect tropic and other hormone concentrations. In this example, once the mother gives birth, hormone levels should return back to normal.
True or False? To have an effect, hormones must be very concentrated in the blood (almost as concentrated as White Blood Cells).
False. To have an effect, hormones can be at very low concentrations in the blood (picograms/mL can be enough!)
Steroids are lipid soluble. How are they moved through the bloodstream?
Get are carried by proteins through the blood stream
Which hormones are delivered to the posterior pit vs anterior pit.?
Posterior pituitary: ADH and oxytocin Anterior pitituitary: PRH, PIH, TRH, CRH, GHTH, GHIH, GnRH
Compare and contrast the mechanism and effects of the secondary messenger system and primary messenger system.
Secondary Messenger: After first hormone is bound on an extracellular receptor, a series of reactions will cause a secondary messenger like cAMP to be produced in bulk. This allows amplification! Primary messenger: The receptor is intracellular. Hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptor. That binding can directly effect transcription/translation. It is simpler, but does not allow for amplification.
Compare the functions of the two major classes of steroids: sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones.
Sex hormones are important for puberty and secondary sexual characteristic development. Adrenal cortex hormones include Cortisone and Cortisol, necessary for stress reactions, and Aldosterone, necessary to maintain body fluid levels.
T/F the levels of carrier proteins doesn't effect the levels of active peptide hormones
T Peptide hormones are water soluble so they can move freely in the bloodstream. Steroid proteins are effected by the levels of carrier proteins which in turn affects the levels of active hormones
T/F endorphins produces a feeling of euphoria that can be experienced as a "runners high"
T endorphins produce a sense of euphoria and they decrease pain sensation
T/F low BP directly stimulates granular cells to releases renin
T low BP is sensed by granular cells and they increases renin production
T/F steroid hormones have a slower but long-lasting effect compared to peptide hormones
T steroid hormones hav a longer but longer lasting effect
T/F oxytocin undergoes a positive feedback loop
T the release of oxytocin stimulates the release of more oxytocin
Compare the nervous system and endocrine system, focusing on speed and duration.
The Nervous System can send signals and cause change very quickly, but the duration of these effects tend to be short. The Endocrine System will take much longer to send signals across the body, but the duration of these signals tend to last much longer.
Why are peptide hormones able to travel freely in the bloodstream ?
They are water soluble so they travel freely in the blood
True or False? A downstream hormone could inhibit multiple upstream endocrine glands, and this redundancy shows the importance of feedback inhibition.
True. A downstream hormone could inhibit multiple upstream endocrine glands, and this redundancy shows the importance of feedback control.
True or False? The Hypothalamus plays a key role in integrating the CNS and Endocrine System because of its duality as an endocrine gland and as part of the forebrain.
True. The Hypothalamus plays a key role in integrating the CNS and Endocrine System because of its duality as an endocrine gland and as part of the forebrain. Because of this, the hypothalamus can be considered the Control Center.
True or false? The hypothalamus also secretes Releasing and Inhibiting Factors to affect the release of other tropic hormones.
True. The hypothalamus also secretes Releasing and Inhibiting Factors to affect the release of other tropic hormones.
True or false? There are also some instances where pituitary hormones can act in a positive-feedback loop, like with Oxytocin and breastfeeding.
True. There are also some instances where pituitary hormones can act in a positive-feedback loop, like with Oxytocin and breastfeeding.
Why are Tyrosine derivatives treated as a separate class of hormones from the polypeptide class?
Tyrosine derivatives are made of exactly one amino acid that is manipulated, not multiple. The cyclic structure also gives tyrosine derivatives some non-polar characteristics, so they can act similarly to both Polypeptide and Steroid hormones in certain contexts.
When ADH is released it binds to V1 and V2 receptors what are their functions?
V1: causes vasoconstriction --> increases TPR --> increases BP V2: causes water reabsorption in kidneys ---> increases BV --> increases BP
What are the cell types in the pancreas and what do they secrete?
alpha cells --> secrete glucagon beta cells ---> secrete insulin delta cells --> secretes somatostatin
Explain the effects of cortisol on the following: Immune system Liver Muscle Adipose tissue
cortisol causes: immune system supression gluconeogenesis in liver protein catabolism lipolysis (breakdown of lipids to fatty acids)
in RAAS _____ converts angiotensiongen to ANG1 which is then converted into ANG 2 via _____ Fill in the blank with epinephrine, norepinephrine, renin, ACE, MCT
in RAAS RENIN converts angiotensiongen to ANG1 which is then converted into ANG 2 via ACE
Give two examples of when oxytocin is released
stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction during childbirth during sucking, oxytocin stimulates the mammary gland to eject milk
What do hormones do?
they bind to receptors and induce a change in gene expression or cellular functioning
Compare thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase
thyroglobulin is the protein that T3+T4 bind to in order to be taken back into the cell Thyroid peroxidase is an enzyme that adds iodine to tyrosine in order to generate T3 and T4
