Phonetics Final

voiceless velar stop

/k/

During a(n) 1. _________, the vocal folds are held 2.___________ while the larynx is 3._________.

1. Ejective; 2. Tightly together so that air cannot pass between them; 3. Raised

In order to be able to describe a complex periodic sound wave, what three things do you have to know about each of its components?

1. Frequency; 2. Amplitude; 3. Phase (in relation to other components)

During a(n)1._________, the vocal folds are held 2.________ while the larynx is 3.________ .

1. Implosive; 2. Somewhat close together so that they vibrate; 3. Lowered

The 1.__________ adjust the position of the 2.____________.

1. arytenoid cartilages; 2. vocal folds

On a spectrogram, intensity levels 1._________, while on a waveform, intensity levels 2.__________.

1. can be seen in the shading (the darker, the more intense); 2. can be seen on the vertical axis (the higher, the more intense) 

The first resonant frequency correlates with 1. ________. The 2. ___________ the frequency, the 3.___________ the vowel

1. height; 2. higher; 3. lower (more open)

In English, the velar nasal 1._______, but glottal fricative 2._________

1. never occurs word initially; 2. never occurs word finally

In general, 1.________ stops are 2.__________ to produce compared with 3.________ because 4._________

1. voiced; 2. hard; 3. voiceless; 4. Air pressure between the vocal tract and the lungs equalizes quickly 

The 'horse calling' click is...

A voiceless lateral click

In a broad transcription

Allophonic variation is excluded, and only the bare minimum number of symbols needed to account for the contrasting sounds of the language are used

(a) become (b) when immediately followed by (c)

Alveolar stops; dentals; dentals

In English, a flap/tap:

Can occur as an allophone of both oral alveolar stops, and is therefore a case of neutralization. and Can occur between vowels, but only if the second of the vowels (the following vowel) is unstressed

statements are true of vowel formants?

Everybody's formants will differ because every person's vocal tract has a unique shape, and therefore vocal tracts resonate sounds differently. The reason we can hear vowels and can distinguish one vowel from another when someone whispers them is that the same formant frequencies are there with or without voicing as long as the vocal tract's configuration is unchanged.

In non-rhotic varieties of English

Rhotics are not pronounced at the ends of syllables

The vocal folds are farthest apart at the time of the release of which of the following?

Stops with long lag VOTs

Which of the following is ordered most to least constricted?

Stops; Fricatives; Approximants; Vowels

If told that a sound is alveolar, you know:

The sound's place of articulation

On a spectrogram, what's the main difference between a lateral approximant and a velarized lateral approximant?

The velarized lateral will have an F2 similar to the vowel [u]

To produce a nasal stop:

The velum must be lowered, and an oral closure must be made

To produce the final consonant in 'bomb'...

The velum must be lowered, and an oral closure must be made

If my vocal fold vibrations become more rapid...

We would perceive pitch as rising

When is lateral plosion possible?

When a stop is immediately followed by /l/

25. Which of the following are ways to distinguish word final voiced stops from voiceless stops? (2)

Word final voiceless stops are longer in duration than word final voiced stops Vowels are longer in duration before word final voiced stops than they are before word final voiceless stops

A language with a three vowel system is likely to have the following three vowels: a. /aiu/ b. /eia/ c. /oeu/ d. /æəɪ/ e. /æəu/

a

If a language has 1._________ stops, it is likely to have 2. ________ stops. (select all correct answers) a. 1. no voiced bilabial; 2. no voiced velar b. 1. voiced bilabial; 2. voiced velar c. 1. voiceless bilabial; 2. voiceless velar d. 1. voiceless velar; 2. voiceless bilabial

a and c

Which of the following statements are true? (Select all correct answers) a. Ingressive pulmonic speech sounds are not impossible, but are very rare. b. Egressive pulmonic speech sounds are found in every spoken language c. Egressive velaric speech sounds are quite common among Khoisan languages d. Egressive glottalic speech sounds can only be voiced e. Ingressive velaric speech sounds are quite common among Khoisan languages

a, b, e

In which of the following words does the entire sequence of consonants in the middle of the word belong in the onset of the second syllable? a. Busted b. Conscript c. Describe d. Alter e. Detract

a, c, e

Of the following, which is a (or are) possible correlate(s) of stress? a. Increased pitch b. Increased duration c. Increased amplitude d. vowel centralization

a,b,c

The vocal folds are closest to each other during a stop closure in which of the following? a.voiced stops b. stops with negative VOTs c. Stops with short lag VOTs d. Unaspirated voiceless stops e. Stops with long lag VOTs

a.voiced stops b. stops with negative VOTs

When said in isolation, which of the following words are likely to have a stop with negative VOT? (Select all correct answers) a. Bout b. About c. Devout d. Spout e. Aloud

about

Which of the following may be produced both as an apical or a laminal? (select all correct answers) a. alveolars b.dentals c. Retroflexes d. Bilabials e. Fricatives

alveolars, dentals, fricatives

Formant frequencies...

are dependent on particular articulations, since different articulations change the shape of the vocal tract, and the shape of the vocal tract determines which frequencies resonate and which are dampened. can indicate vowels' frontness/backness.  can indicate vowels' height. 

Complex periodic sound waves...

are made up of at least two simple periodic sound waves (sine waves)

Labiodental stops...

are unlikely, other than as allophones, because completely stopping airflow with a labiodental is impossible unless there are no gaps at all between one's teeth, and very many people have some gaps through which air can flow.

retracted consonant

back of mouth

10. Consider the first vowel in the following words. In which is this vowel expected to be shortest? a. Back b. Backer c. Bag d. Bagger

backer

Which of the following have word final nasals? (Select all correct answers) a. Bang b. Bank c. Bomb d. Barn e. Band

bang, bomb, barn

In which of the following words is the final consonant syllabic? (Select all correct answers) a. Banner b. Barren c. Ruin d. Balm e. Barrel

banner, barrel

words that have a tense vowel

bean, hoot more close (than lax) and have lower first consonant

test two

begins now

In which of the following is the voiceless velar stop expected to be longest in duration? a. Brick b. Curb c. Beckon d. Backgammon e. Cabinet

brick

Which of the following words have at least one liquid? (Select all correct answers) a. Stain b. Need c. scream d. roar e. block

c. scream d. roar e. block

8. In which of the following words is aspiration expected? a. Began b. Cabin c. Skin d. Became e. Butter

cabin, became

On a spectrogram, intensity levels...

can be seen in the shading (the darker, the more intense)

Fundamental frequency...

can remain unchanged even given different articulations, since the rate at which the vocal folds vibrate can remain constant while the shape of the vocal tract is being altered.

In which of the following words is the approximant likely to be at least partially voiceless? (Select all correct answers) a. Comply b. Flew c. Fruit d. Few

comply

When said in isolation, which of the following words are likely to have a stop with a short lag VOT? (Select all correct answers) a. Tie b. Die c. Sty d. Shy e. Sigh

die, sty

The part of the tongue involved in making uvular and velar articulations is the__________.

dorsum

fricative

force air thru narrow channel

Which of the following are articulatory GESTURES? (Select all correct answers) a. Retroflexes b. Fricatives c. Nasals d. Trills e. Pharyngeals

fricatives, nasals, trills

Which of the following are articulatory GESTURES? (Select all correct answers) a. Retroflexes b. Fricatives c. Nasals d. Trills e. pharyngeals 

fricatives, nasals, trills

We can measure the duration of speech sounds...

given a spectrogram or a waveform

Which of the following have word initial voiced affricates? (Select all correct answers) a. Beach b. Gym c. Theatre d. Jump e. There

gym, jump /ch/ /j/

Which of the following words involve no lip gestures? (select all correct answers) a. Hat b. Rank c. Bean d. Lip e. Shake

hat

In which of the following words is nasal plosion possible? (Select all correct answers) a. Barn b. Hidden c. Band d. Harden e. Driven

hidden, harden

In a the utterance of a statement in English pitch will likely be

highest (overall) on the stressed syllable of the most focused word, if it is the first word of the utterance

For speakers of California English, which vowel's first and second formants are closest to each other (in other words, which vowel has an F1 and F2 which are most similar in value)? (Select the best answer) a. The vowel in 'hot' b. The vowel in 'heat' c. The vowel in 'hat' d. The vowel in 'hoot' e. The vowel in 'hit'

hot

In which of the following words does the diphthong begin with a low (open) vowel and end with a front vowel? a. Obey b. Imply c. Around d. Gate e. bite

imply and bite

In the production of clicks...

it is always the case that the closure at the velum is released second (after the release of the other stop - the one more forward than the closure at the velum)

nasal plosion

lowering of soft palate and air passes out thru nose

Which of the following parameters are not used to distinguish between nasals in English? (Select all correct answers) a. Manner of articulation b. Voicing c. Place of articulation d. Tenseness

manner of art, voicing, tenseness

Which of the following contain NO coronals a. Mom b. Kick c. Fame d. Bun e. Bank

mom, kick, fame, bank

18. In the production of ejectives, the velum...

must be raised throughout

approximant

no turbulence /r/ /l/

apical consonant

obstructing air with tip of tongue

obstruent

obstructing airflow /k/

Speech involves...

only complex periodic and aperiodic sound waves

When said in isolation, which of the following words are likely to have a stop with a long lag VOT? (Select all correct answers) a. Abort b. Port c. Sport d. Appoint e. Support

port, appoint, support

pair of words is the clearest illustration of a phonemic difference based on voicing (a difference of voicing) between two sounds? a. Teal; Zeal b. Dill; Bill c. Think; Zinc d. Pressure; Pleasure e. Thigh; Vie

pressure, pleasure

In which of the following words does the diphthong begin and end with a high vowel? a. Puke b. Pike c. pain d. Pout e. beauty

puke, beauty

Which of the following have a tense vowel? (select all correct answers) a. Reap b. Rip c. Rap d. rude e. reduce

reap, rude, reduce

In 'cap' the first consonant will be (a) in comparison with the first consonant in 'keep', which is more (b).

retracted fronted

Which of the following can only be apical? (Select all correct answers) a. Alveolars b. Dentals c. Retroflexes d. Bilabials e. Fricatives

retroflexes

13. Which of the following words have at least one obstruent? (Select all correct answers) a. Weigh b. Elm c. Sauce d. Roar e. Kick

sauce, kick

test 3

starts now

ordered most to least constricted

stops, fricatives, approx, vowels

16. Which of the following words contain at least one rounded vowel? a. Sugar b. Feature c. Future d. Bun e. Guilty

sugar, future

Which of the following has the onset with the longest positive lag? a. Spoon b. Fork c. table d. knife e. glass

table

VOT is always measured from... (in other words, the 0 point when measuring VOT is... )

the release burst

Coronal articulations are made using:

the tongue tip (apex) & the tongue blade

To produce the initial consonant in the word 'know'...

the velum must be lowered, and an oral closure must be made in the alveolar region 

6. Which of the following have word initial consonants that involve no lip gestures? (Select all correct answers) a. Shave b. Poll c. Fire d. Then e. Gate

then, gate

front vowel

tongue as far front as possible without making constriction

low open vowel

tongue positioned as far as possible from roof of mouth

Which of the following are impossible? (Select all correct answers) a. A voiced glottal lateral approximant b. A voiceless glottal stop c. A voiceless glottal fricative d. A voiced glottal tap e. A voiced glottal fricative

voiced glottal lateral approx and voiced glottal tap

The first consonant in the word 'veer' is: (Select all correct answers) a. A bilabial b. Voiced c. A fricative d. An affricate e. A labio-dental

voiced, fricative, labiodental

The first consonant in the word 'gym' is: (Select all correct answers) a. A velar b. Voiced c. A fricative Consider: d. An affricate e. A post-‐alveolar 

voices, an affricate, post alveolar

In what environments is the lateral liquid velarized?

word finally following a vowel and before another consonant, if that consonant is word final

In which of the following environments does the velar nasal never occur in English?

word initially

Which of the following words have a palatal? (Select all correct answers) a. Yard b. Jade c. Beyond d. Injure e. Help

yard, beyond