Biology Chapter 1 Notes

Catabolism

"Break down" of chemical substances into simpler compounds. Takes proteins down to amnio acids to simple carbs.

Anabolism

"building up" of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.

What are the steps to the experiment part of the SM?

1. Develop a way to test the hypothesis and conduct an experiment. 2. Establish a control group and an experimental group. All members experience identical test conditions, only experimental group exposted to experimental variable.

How are organisms classified?

1. Kingdom 2. Phylum or Division 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species

What are the seven types of symbiosis?

1. neutralism 2. amensalism 3. commensalism 4. predation 5. parasitism 6. protocooperation 7. mutualism

How many organ systems make up the body?

11.

How do you type species?

1st letter lowercase, underline and italicized if typed.

What are the three ways you can increase in size of an organism?

An increase in cell size, an increasing the number of cells (cell replication), or both.

What are the steps to your conclusion?

Analyze data collected through experiments and draw conclusions based on results. 2. Reject or fail to reject original hypothesis.

What are the 2 kingdoms that are considered prokarytic?

Archaebacteria and eubacteria.

What are the 6 types of Kingdoms?

Archaebacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia.

Levels of Bilogical Organization (smallest to largest)

Atom, molecule/compound, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.

What are decomposers?

Bacteria and gungi which break down wastes in dead organisms to release minerals and elemtns which are recycled by other organisms.

What is mutualism?

Both species gain from the relationship and are always found together--cannot live apart. Ex: Cows and bacteria in stomach they must have Ex. Coral and algae

What is protocooperation?

Both species gain from the relationship but can live apart. In other words, the 2 organisms can live apart from one another and survive.

In the mid 1700's someone developed the phylogentic classification system and the binomial system of nomenclature. Who was it?

Carolus Linnaeus

What are the basic life proccesses? (all organisms)

Cells, growth, metabolism, homeostasis, movement, responsiveness, reproduction, and adaptation.

What are the 11 organ systems?

Digestive, integumentary, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, skeletal, endocrine, reproductive, urinary, lymphatic (immune)

What are the two types of parasitism?

Ectoparasites:live and feed on outside host(s) Endoparasites: live on the inside of host

What are the four types of Consumers?

Heterotrophs, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores.

What are chodratas?

Humans

What are the differences between the independent and dependent variable?

Independent=difference Dependent= measured

What does symbiosis mean?

Living together

What is neutralism?

Neither species affects the other. Not competing for food, etc.

What is the name of the atom with no charge?

Neutrons

What does the class mammalia do?

Produce milk and have live births.

What are the functionals organisms within an Ecosystem?

Producers, consumers, and decomposers.

What are the 4 kingdoms that are considered eukaryotic?

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

What are the steps to the scientific method?

Questions, Hypothesize, Experiment, Report the Results and conclusion.

What is another name for organism classification?

Taxonomy

True or False: Cells are the smallest unit which performs all of the life processes.

True

What are the branches of Biology?

Zoology, Botany, A & P, Microbiology, cell biology, developmental biology, genetics, ecology, and histology..

What cell is not differentiation?

a stem cell because it doesn't have a job yet.

Organelle:

compartment inside a cell that performs a specific, specialized task. Ex: nucleus

Organ system

consist of two or more organs which interact in ways that contribute to survival of the whole organism.

What are omnivores?

consumers that eat both plants and animals.

What is photosynthesis?

conversion of Co2 and water into glucose (chemical energy) and oxygen.

What are heterotrophs?

dependent upon producers for food, oxygen and energy. Ex: humans

Diversity of cells is defined by shape and function of cell is called

differenentiation. Ex: brain, kidney, and liver cells.

Disruption of homeostasis can lead to what?

disease or death. Ex: blood sugar, body temperature, and blood pressure.

What is a hypthosis?

educated guess/tentative explantion or trial idea or observation or other known facts.

What is the name of the atom with a negative charge?

electrons

Metabolism is needed to produce what?

energy

What are four tissue types?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

What is species never used without?

full or abbreviate genus preceding it.

What is genus?

generic or descriptive of similar species that are same basic type of organism

population

group of individuals of the same kind (same species) occupying a given area.

The sum of all chemical processes that occur within the organism contribute to what?

growth, survival, and reproduction.

Adaptation:

if you don't adapt you go extinct. Adaptation is the ability to survive in changing environment.

What are the two types of molecules/compounds?

inorganic (water) and organic (macromolecules.)

What does -Bios mean?

life

Without the biosphere's abundance of free-flowing water there would be no....

life

What are the 4 types of macromolecules?

lipids, proteins, carbohyrdrates, and nucleic acids (DNA).

Organism

living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently.

What is homeostasis?

maintenance of internal conditions within limits suitable for life.

Atoms

most fundamental forms of matter (elements.) these are the smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element.

Movement:

motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and cell parts. Ex: blood cells move through body, white blood cells move to infection and fight it.

Adaptation is the result of

mutation and natural selection. Organisms best suited to cope with environmental changes live to pass on their genetic information to their offspring.

What are the steps for the questions part of the SM?

observe some aspect of nature or surrounding enviroment, reserach what others have found out about your observation, create a question related to the observation which can be tested.

What does species refer to?

one kind of organism

What is commensalism?

one species gains and the other species is unaffected. Ex: bacteria in our body. Most cases, bacteria doesn't bother you or make you sick.

What is parasitism?

one species gains and the other species loses...parasite is smaller than host.

What is predation?

one species gains and the other species loses...predator is usually larger than prey.

What is amensalism?

one species loses from the realtionship and the other is unaffected.

tissue

organize group of cells that function together in a specialize activity or activitities.

What are some examples of a producer?

plants, algae (phytoplankton)

What are herbivores?

primary consumers that only eat plants.

What is the name of the atom with a postive charge?

protons

biosphere

regions of the earth where organisms can exist, including the atmosphere, land masses, bodies of water, and sediments at the bottom of the bodies of water.

Sexual Reproduction

results in genetically variable offspring.

Asexual reproduction

results in offspring which are genetically identical to the parent and to each other. (clone)

What are carnivores?

secondary of higher consumers- flesh eaters which consume herbivores or other carnivores.

What does autotrophic mean?

self-feeders

What is the scientific method?

sequence of processes considered characteristic of scientific research.

What are cells?

single (yeast, bacteria, aniba) or multicelluar- humans, plants, mushrooms.

Cell

smallest unit capable of surviving and reproducing on its own or as part of multicellular organism.

Responsivessness is:

stimuli and the ability to detect and respond to change in internal and external environment. Ex: external-you drop a hot pan. Internal- blood pressure

organ

structural unit which contains two or more types of tissues combine in specific amounts and patterns. Tissues work together to perform a common function. Ex: parrotfish eye

What does -ology

study of

What is reproduction?

the process by which a cell or organism produces offspring.

What is biology?

the study of living things.

What do autotrophs do?

they produce their own food by photosynthesis.

What do primates have?

thumbs and hands

Most multicelled organisms are organized of what?

tissue, organs, and organ systems.

Molecule/compound

unit in which two or more atoms are bonded together.

Homindaes do what?

walk on two feet and stand upright.

community

all of the different populations of organisms living in a given area. Ex: coral reef.....snails, fish, corals, etc.

How do you types genus?

always capitalized and underline and italicized if typed.

Cells have:

an outer membrane, DNA, and other components.

What are the steps to report the results?

be objective and repeat experiment for consistancy.

All organisms are made of one or more _____?

cells

What is the energy acquired through breakdown of food called?

cellular respiration