Biology: Chapter 1: The Scientific Study of Life --- What is life?
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Domain Kingdom: Sub Kingdom Phylum: Sub Phylum Class: Sub Class Order: Sub Order Family: Sub Family Genus: Sub Genus Species: Sub Species D)irty K)inky P)eople C)an O)ften F)ind G)ood S)ex
ENERGY: Metabolism
the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials
Define Biology
the scientific study of life
Taxonomy
The scientific study of how living things are classified
Theories vs. Hypothesis
-use theories to generate hypothesis -use hypotheses to test theories
The big picture
19th Century- Physics 20th Century- Chemistry 21st Century- Biology
Experimental Design
A careful plan: Experiment Sample size 3 Basic Variables: Control- What is kept constant and not changed Independent- What the experimenter changes Dependent- Results from the variation or change in the independent variable... the response!
Causation
A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable.
What Is The Tree of Life
A diagram depicting the genealogical relationships of all living organisms on Earth, with a single ancestral species at the base.
Species
A group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring Horse- (Equus Ferus Caballus Donkeys (Equus africanus) Mules (Sterile, not viable)- Not a species
Correlation
A measure of the relationship between two variables
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including, formulating a hypothesis (by observation and questions), testing the hypothesis, collecting data, analysis and peer review.
On the tree of life, what are the three domains of life?
Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Domain (3 Kingdoms Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protista- Multi-kingdom)
Life's basic components
Cell (basic unit of life) Organisms (1 or more cells) DNA (used to produce protein)
On the tree of life: What are the three kingdom's names? Their functions? And What Domain are they located in?
Eukarya Domain Animal Kingdom -Multicellular, Heterotrophs (by digestion) Plant Kingdom - multicellular, autotrophs Fungi Kingdom - most are multicellular, Heterotrophs (by external digestion) Protista- Multi-kingdom
Define the different types of Variables
Independent: What the experimenter manipulates to determine whether it influences the phenomenon of interest i.e: Dose of vaccination Dependent: What the investigator measure to determine whether the independent variable influenced the phenomenon of interest i.e: # of children w/ illness caused by rotavirus Standardized: Any variable intentionally held constant for all subjects in an experiment, including the control group i.e: age of children studied
Scientific Inquiry Process
Make observation Ask question Develop hypothesis Test hypothesis with experiment Consult prior knowledge Analyze and draw conclusions Peer Review Publish
Characteristics of Life: ENERGY USE
Metabolism Producer or autotrophs Consumers or Heterotrophs (Decomposers) Food Web
Internal Constancy: Homeostasis
Organ's ability to regulate itself keeping a stable internal environment (Kidneys, Brain, Liver, Pancreas etc)
Reproduction, growth, and development
Organisms reproduce to make other organisms similar to themselves
Reproduction: What are the two types of reproduction
Sexual reproduction- Offspring have a combination of traits because of DNA from both parents Asexual reproduction- A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
Tree of Life: Three Main Branches
Taxonomy Species Genus - All group of similar species classified with the same name I.e: Homo Sapiens
emergent property (From tiles to tubes)
a characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of the system's component parts
Biological Organization (Characteristics of Life)
atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
Endothelial cell function
form a single cell layer that lines all blood vessels and regulates exchanges (signals) between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues
Internal Constancy
homeostasis ex: Your kidneys regulate your body's water balance by adjusting the concentration of your water
Types of variables in an experiment
independent, dependent, controlled, standardized
ENERGY: food web
network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem
Decomposer
organism that breaks down waste and obtains energy from dead organic matter
ENERGY: Producers, or autotrophs ("self-feeders")
organisms that extract solar energy and nutrients from non-living environments to feed themselves
ENERGY: consumers or heterotrophs
organisms, which obtain organic nutrients by feeding on dead or live tissues