Biology: Chapter 1: The Scientific Study of Life --- What is life?

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Domain Kingdom: Sub Kingdom Phylum: Sub Phylum Class: Sub Class Order: Sub Order Family: Sub Family Genus: Sub Genus Species: Sub Species D)irty K)inky P)eople C)an O)ften F)ind G)ood S)ex

ENERGY: Metabolism

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

Define Biology

the scientific study of life

Taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

Theories vs. Hypothesis

-use theories to generate hypothesis -use hypotheses to test theories

The big picture

19th Century- Physics 20th Century- Chemistry 21st Century- Biology

Experimental Design

A careful plan: Experiment Sample size 3 Basic Variables: Control- What is kept constant and not changed Independent- What the experimenter changes Dependent- Results from the variation or change in the independent variable... the response!

Causation

A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable.

What Is The Tree of Life

A diagram depicting the genealogical relationships of all living organisms on Earth, with a single ancestral species at the base.

Species

A group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring Horse- (Equus Ferus Caballus Donkeys (Equus africanus) Mules (Sterile, not viable)- Not a species

Correlation

A measure of the relationship between two variables

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including, formulating a hypothesis (by observation and questions), testing the hypothesis, collecting data, analysis and peer review.

On the tree of life, what are the three domains of life?

Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Domain (3 Kingdoms Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protista- Multi-kingdom)

Life's basic components

Cell (basic unit of life) Organisms (1 or more cells) DNA (used to produce protein)

On the tree of life: What are the three kingdom's names? Their functions? And What Domain are they located in?

Eukarya Domain Animal Kingdom -Multicellular, Heterotrophs (by digestion) Plant Kingdom - multicellular, autotrophs Fungi Kingdom - most are multicellular, Heterotrophs (by external digestion) Protista- Multi-kingdom

Define the different types of Variables

Independent: What the experimenter manipulates to determine whether it influences the phenomenon of interest i.e: Dose of vaccination Dependent: What the investigator measure to determine whether the independent variable influenced the phenomenon of interest i.e: # of children w/ illness caused by rotavirus Standardized: Any variable intentionally held constant for all subjects in an experiment, including the control group i.e: age of children studied

Scientific Inquiry Process

Make observation Ask question Develop hypothesis Test hypothesis with experiment Consult prior knowledge Analyze and draw conclusions Peer Review Publish

Characteristics of Life: ENERGY USE

Metabolism Producer or autotrophs Consumers or Heterotrophs (Decomposers) Food Web

Internal Constancy: Homeostasis

Organ's ability to regulate itself keeping a stable internal environment (Kidneys, Brain, Liver, Pancreas etc)

Reproduction, growth, and development

Organisms reproduce to make other organisms similar to themselves

Reproduction: What are the two types of reproduction

Sexual reproduction- Offspring have a combination of traits because of DNA from both parents Asexual reproduction- A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

Tree of Life: Three Main Branches

Taxonomy Species Genus - All group of similar species classified with the same name I.e: Homo Sapiens

emergent property (From tiles to tubes)

a characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of the system's component parts

Biological Organization (Characteristics of Life)

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Endothelial cell function

form a single cell layer that lines all blood vessels and regulates exchanges (signals) between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues

Internal Constancy

homeostasis ex: Your kidneys regulate your body's water balance by adjusting the concentration of your water

Types of variables in an experiment

independent, dependent, controlled, standardized

ENERGY: food web

network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

Decomposer

organism that breaks down waste and obtains energy from dead organic matter

ENERGY: Producers, or autotrophs ("self-feeders")

organisms that extract solar energy and nutrients from non-living environments to feed themselves

ENERGY: consumers or heterotrophs

organisms, which obtain organic nutrients by feeding on dead or live tissues