BIOLOGY CHAPTER 11
decrease in cell size
during cleavage, cell division is accompanied by a
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract
during inhalation
false; negative feedback inhibits while positive feedback intensifies
during labor, contractions of the uterus are, at first, weak. then they become stronger until the baby is born. this is an example of negative feedback.
the hormone binds to receptor proteins, which are only present in appropriate target cells
estradiol, a female steroid hormone, is mostly produced and secreted by ovaries into the bloodstream where the hormone can travel through the entire body. how does nature ensure that estradiol only affects appropriate target cells?
virus
genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a _____
the cardiovascular system includes pulmonary and systemic circuits
how can the human circulatory system be described as double circulation?
memory cells
how do vaccines convey long-term immunity to some pathogens?
HIV destroys helper T cells
how does HIV weaken the immune system?
tetraploid
if a diploid sperm fertilized a diploid ovum, the zygote would be _____.
false; it will release insulin
if you eat a handful of candy, the pancreas will increase its secretion of glucagon.
O; the universal donor
if your red blood cells have no carbohydrate markers, what is your blood type?
vesicles
in males, both the prostate gland and the seminiferous _____ add fluid to the semen.
tubules
in males, the sperm mature in the seminiferous _____.
hemoglobin
in the blood, oxygen is bound to _____, a protein found in red blood cells
gastrulation
involves the developments and migration of the three tissue layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
plasma
liquid portion of the blood
muscle, muscle fiber, myofibrils, sarcomeres, thick and thin filaments
list the muscle structures from largest to smallest
zygote-blastocyst-gastrula
list the sequence of stages in embryonic development in the correct order
true
male impotence can be cause by tight pants and underwear
kwashiorkor
malnourished condition caused by a lack of protein; swollen belly is a prominent symptom
iodine
material that is required to make thyroid hormone; too little in the diet leads to an enlarged thyroid growth in the neck called goiter
vaccine
medication that prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus
inflammatory response
name of the response to injury in which fluid leaks form dilated blood vessels causing redness and swelling
day 14; follows a peak in estrogen levels
on what day does ovulation occur during the female reproductive cycle?
the same type of tissues
organs are made up of this to perform a specific function
inner cell mass
part of the developing embryo where stem cells are derived from
nephron
part of the kidney where urine is formed
bile
produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; released to aid in the digestion of fat
under voluntary control
skeletal muscle is _____
alveoli
structures that oxygen molecules move form the lungs to the blood
an organ system
the blood, blood vessels, and heart in a human constitute what?
medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
the brainstem consists of _____.
forebrain
the cerebrum develops from what?
hinge
the elbow is an example of what kind of joint?
sarcomere
the functional unit of muscles
homeostasis
the maintenance of constant conditions in an animal's body despite environmental fluctuations
urea
the nitrogenous waste product of humans
from the heart to the lungs
the pulmonary circuit specifically circulates blood where?
ovulation
the release of an egg from an ovary
thalamus
this directs the flow of information between the cerebrum and brainstem
hypothalamus
this is the master control center for the endocrine system
B cells
type of white blood cells that produce defensive proteins called antibodies
true; 94%
urine contains mostly water
the number of motor units that are activated
what allows for the variable intensity of muscle contractions?
capillaries
what are the thinnest blood vessels?
a bacterial infection
what causes a stomach ulcer?
liver cells
what cells respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?
lymphocytes; there are two types: B cells and T cells; both are involved primarily in the adaptive immune system rather than the innate defense system
what is NOT part of your innate immune system?
they only carry blood away from the heart
what is the defining characteristic of all arteries?
carry oxygen
what is the main role of red blood cells?
absorb water
what is the main role of the large intestine?
produce bile
what is the main role of the liver?
initiates the contraction of the heart
what is the primary function of the sinoatrial node?
produce and store large number of white blood cells
what is the primary role of the lymphatic system?
detoxifying dangers chemicals in the blood stream
what is the purpose of dialysis treatments?
helps protect the body from the external environment
what is the role of the epithelium
to absorb small nutrient molecules from the digestive tract
what is the role of the villi?
peristaltic muscle contraction
what moves the food from your mouth to your stomach when you swallow?
connective
what type of animal tissue contains blood, cartilage, and bone?
the pancreas releases insulin
when blood glucose levels are high,
the pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose to increase
when blood glucose levels are low,
small intestine; food nutrients are primarily absorbed by cells that line the extensive folds in the small intestine
where does most of the absorption of food nutrients take place?
oviduct
where fertilization of the egg occurs
cervix
where in the mother's body does a developing embryo implant
pancreas
which accessory organ's secretions neutralizes stomach acid before it reaches the intestines?
hemoglobin
within each red blood cell, this molecule is a protein that binds oxygen
anatomy; physiology
_____ is the study of the structure of parts; _____ is the study of how these parts work
taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen
a liver cells responds to insulin by,
learning and coordinating motor movements
a person who has a stroke that damages the cerebrum might have trouble with what?
hemoglobin
a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen
it returns to the heart, and then is pumped to the body
after blood becomes oxygenated
red blood cells
also called erythrocytes, are packed with hemoglobin and transport oxygen to body tissues
white blood cells
also called leukocytes; function in fighting infections
cannot make by itself
an essential nutrient is specifically a nutrient that your body _____.
hormones
chemicals transported in the blood and they affects only targeted cells throughout the body
allergy
condition when your body's immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless foreign attack
intrauterine device
contraceptive mode that is removable
body-right atrium-right ventricle-lungs-left atrium-left ventricle-body
correct sequence of blood flow through the heart
thick and thin filaments slide past each other without changing length
correctly describe the sliding filament model of muscle contraction
arteries that supply the heart with oxygen become blocked
correctly explain what a heart attack is
true
blood clotting, in part, depends on bits of cells pinched off from larger cells in the bone marrow
liver cells, as well as most other body cells
body cells that respond to insulin include,
false; CO2 diffuses out of pulmonary capillaries and into alveolar sacs. oxygen diffuses out of alveoli and into pulmonary capillaries
carbon dioxide diffuse out of the alveoli and into the pulmonary capillaries, while oxygen diffuses out of the pulmonary capillaries and into the alveolar sacs
platelets
cell fragments involved in the process of blood clotting