BIOLOGY CHAPTER 11

decrease in cell size

during cleavage, cell division is accompanied by a

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract

during inhalation

false; negative feedback inhibits while positive feedback intensifies

during labor, contractions of the uterus are, at first, weak. then they become stronger until the baby is born. this is an example of negative feedback.

the hormone binds to receptor proteins, which are only present in appropriate target cells

estradiol, a female steroid hormone, is mostly produced and secreted by ovaries into the bloodstream where the hormone can travel through the entire body. how does nature ensure that estradiol only affects appropriate target cells?

virus

genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a _____

the cardiovascular system includes pulmonary and systemic circuits

how can the human circulatory system be described as double circulation?

memory cells

how do vaccines convey long-term immunity to some pathogens?

HIV destroys helper T cells

how does HIV weaken the immune system?

tetraploid

if a diploid sperm fertilized a diploid ovum, the zygote would be _____.

false; it will release insulin

if you eat a handful of candy, the pancreas will increase its secretion of glucagon.

O; the universal donor

if your red blood cells have no carbohydrate markers, what is your blood type?

vesicles

in males, both the prostate gland and the seminiferous _____ add fluid to the semen.

tubules

in males, the sperm mature in the seminiferous _____.

hemoglobin

in the blood, oxygen is bound to _____, a protein found in red blood cells

gastrulation

involves the developments and migration of the three tissue layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

plasma

liquid portion of the blood

muscle, muscle fiber, myofibrils, sarcomeres, thick and thin filaments

list the muscle structures from largest to smallest

zygote-blastocyst-gastrula

list the sequence of stages in embryonic development in the correct order

true

male impotence can be cause by tight pants and underwear

kwashiorkor

malnourished condition caused by a lack of protein; swollen belly is a prominent symptom

iodine

material that is required to make thyroid hormone; too little in the diet leads to an enlarged thyroid growth in the neck called goiter

vaccine

medication that prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus

inflammatory response

name of the response to injury in which fluid leaks form dilated blood vessels causing redness and swelling

day 14; follows a peak in estrogen levels

on what day does ovulation occur during the female reproductive cycle?

the same type of tissues

organs are made up of this to perform a specific function

inner cell mass

part of the developing embryo where stem cells are derived from

nephron

part of the kidney where urine is formed

bile

produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; released to aid in the digestion of fat

under voluntary control

skeletal muscle is _____

alveoli

structures that oxygen molecules move form the lungs to the blood

an organ system

the blood, blood vessels, and heart in a human constitute what?

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

the brainstem consists of _____.

forebrain

the cerebrum develops from what?

hinge

the elbow is an example of what kind of joint?

sarcomere

the functional unit of muscles

homeostasis

the maintenance of constant conditions in an animal's body despite environmental fluctuations

urea

the nitrogenous waste product of humans

from the heart to the lungs

the pulmonary circuit specifically circulates blood where?

ovulation

the release of an egg from an ovary

thalamus

this directs the flow of information between the cerebrum and brainstem

hypothalamus

this is the master control center for the endocrine system

B cells

type of white blood cells that produce defensive proteins called antibodies

true; 94%

urine contains mostly water

the number of motor units that are activated

what allows for the variable intensity of muscle contractions?

capillaries

what are the thinnest blood vessels?

a bacterial infection

what causes a stomach ulcer?

liver cells

what cells respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

lymphocytes; there are two types: B cells and T cells; both are involved primarily in the adaptive immune system rather than the innate defense system

what is NOT part of your innate immune system?

they only carry blood away from the heart

what is the defining characteristic of all arteries?

carry oxygen

what is the main role of red blood cells?

absorb water

what is the main role of the large intestine?

produce bile

what is the main role of the liver?

initiates the contraction of the heart

what is the primary function of the sinoatrial node?

produce and store large number of white blood cells

what is the primary role of the lymphatic system?

detoxifying dangers chemicals in the blood stream

what is the purpose of dialysis treatments?

helps protect the body from the external environment

what is the role of the epithelium

to absorb small nutrient molecules from the digestive tract

what is the role of the villi?

peristaltic muscle contraction

what moves the food from your mouth to your stomach when you swallow?

connective

what type of animal tissue contains blood, cartilage, and bone?

the pancreas releases insulin

when blood glucose levels are high,

the pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose to increase

when blood glucose levels are low,

small intestine; food nutrients are primarily absorbed by cells that line the extensive folds in the small intestine

where does most of the absorption of food nutrients take place?

oviduct

where fertilization of the egg occurs

cervix

where in the mother's body does a developing embryo implant

pancreas

which accessory organ's secretions neutralizes stomach acid before it reaches the intestines?

hemoglobin

within each red blood cell, this molecule is a protein that binds oxygen

anatomy; physiology

_____ is the study of the structure of parts; _____ is the study of how these parts work

taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen

a liver cells responds to insulin by,

learning and coordinating motor movements

a person who has a stroke that damages the cerebrum might have trouble with what?

hemoglobin

a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen

it returns to the heart, and then is pumped to the body

after blood becomes oxygenated

red blood cells

also called erythrocytes, are packed with hemoglobin and transport oxygen to body tissues

white blood cells

also called leukocytes; function in fighting infections

cannot make by itself

an essential nutrient is specifically a nutrient that your body _____.

hormones

chemicals transported in the blood and they affects only targeted cells throughout the body

allergy

condition when your body's immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless foreign attack

intrauterine device

contraceptive mode that is removable

body-right atrium-right ventricle-lungs-left atrium-left ventricle-body

correct sequence of blood flow through the heart

thick and thin filaments slide past each other without changing length

correctly describe the sliding filament model of muscle contraction

arteries that supply the heart with oxygen become blocked

correctly explain what a heart attack is

true

blood clotting, in part, depends on bits of cells pinched off from larger cells in the bone marrow

liver cells, as well as most other body cells

body cells that respond to insulin include,

false; CO2 diffuses out of pulmonary capillaries and into alveolar sacs. oxygen diffuses out of alveoli and into pulmonary capillaries

carbon dioxide diffuse out of the alveoli and into the pulmonary capillaries, while oxygen diffuses out of the pulmonary capillaries and into the alveolar sacs

platelets

cell fragments involved in the process of blood clotting