Biology: Chapter 16 Quiz Questions

The principle that living species descend, with changes, from other species over time is referred to as ___.

Descent with modification

What hypothesis did the Grant's test?

Differences in beak size and shape produce differences in fitness

The universal genetic code is used by almost all organisms to ___.

Direct protein synthesis

What is the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce on its specific environment?

Fitness

The data that the Grant's collected proved that there is what?

Great variation of heritable traits among Galapagos finches

The Grant's conducted their own experiment to test what process?

Natural selection

Where are the Galapagos Islands?

Northwest of South America

What were geologists suggesting during Darwin's time?

That the Earth was changing over time

What did Hutton realize?

That the Earth was much older than previously believed

What did Lyell think about most geological processes?

That they operated extremely slowly

How does the pattern of embryological development provide further evidence that organisms have descended from a common ancestor?

The early developmental stages of many vertebrates look alike which indicates that vertebrates are descended from a common ancestor

Where did Darwin spend most of his time exploring?

South America

What provides molecular evidence that supports evolutionary theory?

The science of genetics

What do biographers study?

Where organisms live now and where they and their ancestors lived in the past

The art shows how finches beaks are similar to certain kinds of hand tools. Suppose a finch fed on insects that burrowed into small holes on tree trunks. What type of tool do you think this finch's beak would resemble? Explain your answer.

A very thin probe that can reach into a small hole and skewer or grasp the insect

Any inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival is considered what?

An adaption

Where did Darwin not visit?

Asia, North America, or Antartica

What are examples of homologous structures?

Bat wing and mouse arm, reptile foot and bird foot

How would Lamarck have explained the length of a Giraffe's neck?

Because it began to stretch its neck upward to reach higher and higher on trees looking for leaves to eat cause their necks to keep stretching and increase in length. The giraffe then could have passed their longer neck onto their offspring and so on and so forth.

Why were the similarities among Rheas, ostriches, and emus surprising to Darwin?

Because the different birds lived so far away from each other

Why is camouflage considered an adaption?

Because they have to get use to their surrounding in order to blend in

What are vestigial structures?

Body parts in animals that are os reduced in size that they are just vestiges, or traves, of homologous structures in other species

What are analogous structures?

Body parts that share common function, but not structue

Cytochrome c is a protein used for ___ in almost every living cell.

Cellular respiration

All living cells use what to code heritable information?

DNA and RNA

How do humans affect artificial selection? What role does nature play?

Darwin stated that nature provides the variation among organisms, and human select and breed for the variations they find useful or appealing

Every organism alive today ___ from ancestors who survived and reproduced

Descended

Homologous genes called Hox genes control timing and growth in ___.

Embryos

Over many generations, adaption could cause successful species to ___ into new species.

Evolve

Describe how you could use artificial selection to breed pigeons with large beaks.

Find pigeons that naturally have larger than normal beaks. Mate the pigeons. Repeat this process over several generations until you achieve the desired beak size.

The ___ provides physical evidence of descent with modification over long periods of time.

Fossil evidence

Describe a situation in which organism 3 might have had an advantage over organism 2?

Having a more compact body body could have helped the organism hide from or escape predators

How did Lamarck propose that species change over time?

He suggested that organisms could change during their lifetimes by selectively using or not using various parts o f their bodies. He also suggested that individuals could pass these acquired traits onto their offspring, enabling species to change overtime.

Proteins that are ___ share extensive structural and chemical similarities

Homologous

What observation caused Thomas Malthus to form his theory about population growth?

Human birth rate was higher than the death rate

What is an idea that attributed to Malthus?

If human population grew unchecked, there wouldn't be enough living space and food for everyone

What natural selection act on?

Inherited traits

In what two ways did an understanding of geology influence Darwin?

Knowing that they Earth could change over time helped Darwin believe that life might change as well. Knowing that the earth was very old assured Darwin that there had been enough time for life to change.

Where do species vary?

Locally, globally, and overtime

Whose work explained how large geological features could be built up or torn down over long periods of time?

Lyells

Malthus's ideas led Darwin to conclude what?

Many more organisms are born than will survive and reproduce

Common descent suggests that all species, living and extinct, are ___.

Related

Natural selection depends on the ability of organisms to ___, which mean leave descendants.

Reproduce

How are the forelimbs similar?

Same kinds of bones in approximately the same positions

What is another name for artificial selection?

Selective breeding

When individuals from a mainland bird population immigrate to various islands, natural selection may result in ___, but different, island species.

Similar

Distantly related organism may be similar if they live in ___.

Similar environments

On the Galapagos, CharlesDarwin observed ___?

Species similar to mainland South American species

Which step in the diagram above shows the inheritance of acquired traits as proposed by Lamarck?

Step 3

Relatively minor changes in an organism's genome can produce major changes in an organisms what?

Structure

What is a homologous structure?

Structures that are shared by related species and that gave been inherited from a common ancestor

What explains the existence of similar but unrelated species?

Such species evolved features in common they were exposed to similar pressures of natural selection.

Darwin's work offers insight into the living world by showing what?

That organisms are constantly changing

Given its body structure, which tortoise above would require a habitat were food is easy to reach?

The Isabela Island Tortoise

What are examples of vestigial structures?

The appendix in humans, eyes on a blind cave fish

How are the forelimbs different?

The bat's "finger bones" are longer and form the structure of a wing, while the human phalanges are shorter and form the structure of fingers

When darwin returned to England, he learned that the small brown birds he observed on the Galapagos Islands were all finches. they resembled South American finches. What hypothesis does this observation support?

The birds are descended from South American ancestors that traveled to the Galapagos islands. The species have changed over time as they adapted to particular niches on each island.

How are homologous structures such as forelimbs evidence for common descent?

The bone structure and arrangement indicate that they are descended from a common ancestral form

According to Lamarck's hypothesis, what occurs to make a crab's claw grow larger?

The crab selectively used its left claw more. This increase use causes the claw to grow in size.

How does animal's level of fitness relate to its chances of survival and reproduction?

The higher fitness an organism has, the more it will survive and reproduce

Why might Darwin come to think that the finches of the Galapagos Islands might be related to the finches of South America, despite how different the birds were in appearance?

The islands are very close to the coast of South America so the birds may have migrated from there or been blown over

The processes that changed the Earth in the past are ____ the processes that operate in the present.

The same as

What id the similarities between fossil animals and modern animals, like the glyptodont and armadillo, suggest to Darwin?

They all came from the same family of fossil

What explains the distribution of finch species on the Galápagos Islands?

They are distributed by the foods they are adapted to eat

Darwin observed that the birds he would eventually discover were finches has differently shaped beaks. What might this suggest about the eating habits of the birds? Explain.

They get food from hard to reach places and used their beaks to eat or capture food, differently shaped beaks might mean that the birds lived on different diets

What important information about the Galapagos Island tortoises did Darwin learn?

They were different in each island according to the climate

What does the phrase 'struggle for existance' mean?

To compete regularly to obtain food, living space, and other necessities in life

What are examples of analogous structures?

Wings of birds and bees, dolphin fin and fish tail, snake tongue and dog nose