biology chapter 26
40) In a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is ________. A) a shared ancestral character B) a shared derived character C) a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals D) an example of analogy rather than homology
A
3) In Figure 26.4, which similarly inclusive taxon is represented as descending from the same common ancestor as Canidae? A) Felidae B) Mustelidae C) Carnivora D) Lutra
B
2) The following question refers to the following phylogenetic trees. Which tree depicts the closest relationship between zygomycetes and chytrids? A) I B) II C) III D) IV
C
8) Carolus Linnaeus believed that species remained fixed in the form in which they had been created. Linnaeus would have been uncomfortable with ________. A) a hierarchical classification scheme B) taxonomy C) phylogenies D) nested, increasingly inclusive categories of organisms
C
15) Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures? A) eyelessness in the Australian mole and eyelessness in the North American mole B) owl wing and hornet wing C) bat wing and bird wing D) bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb
D
16) Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae). If the molecular data best reflect the evolutionary history of these two groups, then the morphological similarities of these two species is most likely due to ________. A) the inheritance of acquired characteristics B) sexual selection C) possession of analogous (convergent) traits D) possession of shared primitive characters
C
18) The common ancestors of birds and mammals were very early (stem) reptiles, which almost certainly possessed three-chambered hearts (two atria, one ventricle). Birds and mammals, however, are alike in having four-chambered hearts (two atria, two ventricles). The four-chambered hearts of birds and mammals are best described as ________. A) structural homologies B) vestiges C) structural analogies D) the result of shared ancestry
C
4) In the phylogenetic trees, numbers represent species, and the same species are shown in both trees. Which two species are represented as sister species in Tree 2 but are not shown as sister species in Tree 1? A) 1 and 2 B) 2 and 3 C) 3 and 4 D) 4 and 5
C
4) Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up A) a monophyletic taxon. B) an ingroup, with species U as the outgroup. C) a paraphyletic group. D) a polyphyletic group.
C
5) The legless condition that is observed in several groups of extant reptiles is the result of ________. A) their common ancestor having been legless B) a shared adaptation to an arboreal (living in trees) lifestyle C) several instances of the legless condition arising independently of each other D) individual lizards adapting to a fossorial (living in burrows) lifestyle during their lifetimes
C
21) Use the following information to answer the question. Giardia intestinalis can cause disease in several different mammalian species, including humans. Giardia organisms (G. intestinalis) that infect humans are similar morphologically to those that infect other mammals, thus they have been considered a single species. However, G. intestinalis has been divided into different subgroups based on their host and a few other characteristics. In 1999, a DNA sequence comparison study tested the hypothesis that these subgroups actually constitute different species. The following phylogenetic tree was constructed from the sequence comparison of rRNA from several subgroups of G. intestinalis and a few other morphologically distinct species of Giardia. The researchers concluded that the subgroups of Giardia are sufficiently different from one another genetically that they could be considered different species. (T. Monis, et al. 1999. Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16[9
:1135-44.) By examining the phylogenetic tree diagrammed in the figure above, what conclusion can you draw about the species G. microti? A) It evolved before G. intestinalis. B) It is more closely related to G. muris than to G. intestinalis. C) It should not be labeled a species distinct from G. intestinalis. D) It is part of a monophyletic group that also includes G. intestinalis. ] D
22) Use the following information to answer the question. Giardia intestinalis can cause disease in several different mammalian species, including humans. Giardia organisms (G. intestinalis) that infect humans are similar morphologically to those that infect other mammals, thus they have been considered a single species. However, G. intestinalis has been divided into different subgroups based on their host and a few other characteristics. In 1999, a DNA sequence comparison study tested the hypothesis that these subgroups actually constitute different species. The following phylogenetic tree was constructed from the sequence comparison of rRNA from several subgroups of G. intestinalis and a few other morphologically distinct species of Giardia. The researchers concluded that the subgroups of Giardia are sufficiently different from one another genetically that they could be considered different species. (T. Monis, et al. 1999. Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16[9
:1135-44.) Which of the following changes would a modern systematist be most likely to make after learning of the results of the rRNA analyses? A) continue to keep subgroups A-D as members of the species G. intestinalis B) break the species G. intestinalis into four separate species, A, B, C, and D C) combine subgroup D and G. microti into one species D) combine all the subgroups of G. intestinalis (A-D) and G. microti to make one species ] B
20) Use the following information to answer the question. Giardia intestinalis can cause disease in several different mammalian species, including humans. Giardia organisms (G. intestinalis) that infect humans are similar morphologically to those that infect other mammals, thus they have been considered a single species. However, G. intestinalis has been divided into different subgroups based on their host and a few other characteristics. In 1999, a DNA sequence comparison study tested the hypothesis that these subgroups actually constitute different species. The following phylogenetic tree was constructed from the sequence comparison of rRNA from several subgroups of G. intestinalis and a few other morphologically distinct species of Giardia. The researchers concluded that the subgroups of Giardia are sufficiently different from one another genetically that they could be considered different species. (T. Monis, et al. 1999. Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16[9
:1135-44.) According to the phylogenetic tree in the figure above, G. intestinalis constitutes a ________ group. A) analytic B) monophyletic C) polyphyletic D) paraphyletic ] D
1) In a comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is A) a shared ancestral character. B) a shared derived character. C) a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals. D) an example of analogy rather than homology.
A
1) The following question refers to the following phylogenetic trees. Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the ascomycetes? A) I B) II C) III D) IV
A
12) Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of ________. A) convergent evolution B) similarity due to shared ancestry C) homology D) parsimony
A
13) The term convergent evolution is most applicable to which of the following features? A) the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizards B) the five-digit condition of human hands and bat wings C) the fur that covers Australian moles and North American moles D) the bones of bat forelimbs and the bones of bird forelimbs
A
19) Imagine that a phylogeny was developed for a group of mammals based on bone structure. Which of the following statements would be a reasonable prediction about a phylogeny for the same group of species based on similarities and differences in the structure of a particular enzyme? A) The same phylogeny would be unlikely. B) The same phylogeny would be predicted. C) No prediction could be made. D) The amino acid sequence would be identical in all species.
A
26) Your professor wants you to construct a phylogenetic tree of orchids. She gives you tissue from seven orchid species and one lily. What is the most likely reason she gave you the lily? A) to serve as an outgroup B) to see if the lily is a cryptic orchid species C) to see if the lily and the orchids show all the same shared derived characters D) to demonstrate likely homoplasies
A
28) Use the following information to answer the question. Applying the principle of parsimony to the trait "ability to fly," which of the two phylogenetic trees is better? A) Tree 1 B) Tree 2 C) Both trees are equally parsimonious. D) Since the trees show different evolutionary relationships, you cannot determine which is more parsimonious.
A
29) Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to a phylogeny, as represented by a phylogenetic tree? A) Descendant groups (branches) from the same node likely share many derived characters. B) A monophyletic group can be properly based on convergent features. C) The ancestral group often has all the derived characters of the descendant species. D) Shared ancestral characters are excellent traits to use in developing a phylogeny.
A
3) The following question refers to the following phylogenetic trees. Which tree shows the greatest evolutionary distance between chytrids and ascomycetes? A) I B) II C) III D) IV
A
34) Use the figure to answer the following question. Which extinct species should be the best candidate to serve as the outgroup for the clade whose common ancestor occurs at position 2 in the figure? A) A B) B C) C D) E
A
36) Use the figure to answer the following question. If the figure is an accurate depiction of relatedness, then which of the following should be an accurate statement? A) If all species depicted here make up a taxon, this taxon is monophyletic. B) The species present at position 4 is ancestral to species E, but not species D. C) Species C is more closely related to species B than D is to B D) The species present at position 3 is ancestral to C, D, and E.
A
44) Concerning growth in genome size over evolutionary time, which of these is least associated with the others? A) orthologous genes B) gene duplications C) paralogous genes D) gene families
A
56) Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient aerobic bacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium? A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Animalia D) Protista
A
6) If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup? A) wolf B) domestic cat C) lion D) leopard
A
61) The following question refers to this phylogenetic tree, depicting the origins of life and the three domains. Horizontal lines indicate instances of gene or genome transfer. A possible phylogenetic tree for the three domains of life. Which of these processes can be included among those responsible for the horizontal components of the figure? A) endosymbiosis B) mitosis C) binary fission D) point mutations
A
62) A phylogenetic tree is shown for the three domains of life (Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria). The tree branches in two directions from the first point, labeled Common ancestor of all life. One branch leads in the direction of Eukarya and Archaea, and the other branch leads to Bacteria. The branch leading to Eukarya and Archaea divide, one branch leading to each domain. The branch leading to Eukarya divides into four branches. One leads to Euglenozoans, and the other three lead to branching points. The first leads to Forams in one direction, and another branching point in the other that leads to Diatoms and Ciliates. The second branching point leads to Red algae in one direction, and a branching point that leads to green algae and land plants in the other direction. The third branching point leads to amoebas in one direction, and a branching point that leads to fungi and animals in the other direction. Land plants, Fungi and Animals are all highlighted. Cyanobacteria were once called blue-green algae because they are photosynthetic. According to the phylogeny shown, the cyanobacteria are more closely related to gram-positive bacteria than to ________. A) proteobacteria B) green algae C) euglenozoans D) crenarcheotes
A
65) If additional DNA sequence evidence shows that yeast genes for synthesizing proteins are more similar to protein-synthesizing genes in bacteria than those in archaea, a modern systematist would ________. A) redraw the phylogeny to show eukaryotes sharing a more recent common ancestor with bacteria than archaea B) redraw the phylogeny to show more recent common ancestry between archaea and yeast than between eukaryotes and archaea C) retain the phylogeny that shows a more recent common ancestor between eukaryotes and archaea D) retain the phylogeny that shows a more recent common ancestor between bacteria and archaea
A
66) Which of the following statements about horizontal gene transfer is accurate? A) Horizontal gene transfer was quite common in the early stages of evolution of life on Earth. B) Horizontal gene transfer among organisms does not occur today. C) Horizontal gene transfer moves only genes that play a role in metabolism. D) Horizontal gene transfer occurs only among closely related organisms.
A
10) Based on this tree, which statement is correct? A) The human lineage is a basal taxon. B) Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans. C) Salamanders are as closely related to lizards as to humans. D) Goats are more closely related to salamanders than to humans.
B
11) The following phylogeny shows six living species (a-f) and five ancestral (now extinct) species (#1-5). If the phylogeny had been developed on the basis of similarities in bone structure, which of the following predictions would you make in terms of the structure of a particular enzyme? A) The enzymes of species b and f are very similar. B) The enzymes of species b and c are more similar to ancestor #4 than to ancestor 2 C) The enzymes of species a and b are the same as that of ancestor #2. D) The enzyme of species c is very similar to that of species d.
B
14) If, someday, an archaean cell is discovered whose rRNA sequence is more similar to that of humans than the sequence of mouse rRNA is to that of humans, the best explanation for this apparent discrepancy would be ________. A) homology B) convergent evolution C) common ancestry D) retro-evolution by humans
B
27) Which of the following statements best describes the rationale for applying the principle of maximum parsimony in constructing phylogenetic trees? A) Parsimony allows the researcher to "root" the tree. B) Similarity due to common ancestry should be more common than similarity due to convergent evolution. C) The molecular clock validates the principle of parsimony. D) The outgroup roots the tree, allowing the principle of parsimony to be applied.
B
30) Given that phylogenies are based on shared derived characteristics, which of the following traits is useful in generating a phylogeny of species W, X, Y, and Z? Species W Species X Species Y Species Z Trait 1 A A A A Trait 2 A A B B Trait 3 A B C D A) Trait 1 B) Trait 2 C) Trait 3 D) Traits 1, 2, and 3
B
37) Use the following figure and description to answer the question. Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans are members of a clade called the great apes, which shared a common ancestor about 15 million years ago. Gibbons and siamangs comprise a clade called the lesser apes. Tree-branch lengths indicate elapsed time. Assuming chimps and gorillas are humans' closest relatives, removing humans from the great ape clade and placing them in a different clade has the effect of making the phylogenetic tree of the great apes ________. A) polyphyletic B) paraphyletic C) monophyletic D) into a new order
B
43) Use the figure to answer the following question. The phylogenetic tree shown ________. A) depicts uncertainty about whether the bryophytes or the vascular plants evolved first B) depicts an evolutionary hypothesis C) includes evolution of convergent characteristics D) indicates that seeds are a shared ancestral character of all vascular plants
B
47) The lakes of northern Minnesota are home to many similar species of damselflies of the genus Enallagma. These species have apparently undergone speciation from ancestral stock since the last glacial retreat about 10 thousand years ago. Sequencing which of the following would probably be most useful in sorting out evolutionary relationships among these closely related species? A) conserved regions of nuclear DNA B) mitochondrial DNA C) amino acids in proteins D) ribosomal RNA
B
57) A large proportion of archaeans are extremophiles, so called because they inhabit extreme environments with high acidity, salinity, and/or temperature. Such environments are thought to have been much more common on primitive Earth. Thus, modern extremophiles survive only in places that their ancestors became adapted to long ago. Which of the following is, consequently, a valid statement about modern extremophiles, assuming that their habitats have remained relatively unchanged? A) Among themselves, they should share relatively few ancestral traits, especially those that enabled ancestral forms to adapt to extreme conditions. B) On a phylogenetic tree whose branch lengths are proportional to the amount of genetic change, the branches of the extremophiles should be shorter than the non-extremophilic archaeans. C) They should contain genes that originated in eukaryotes that are the hosts for numerous species of bacteria. D) They should currently be undergoing a high level of horizontal gene transfer with non-extremophilic archaeans.
B
58) Use the following information to answer the question. Paulinella chromatophora is one of the few cercozoans that is autotrophic, carrying out aerobic photosynthesis with its two elongated "chromatophores." The chromatophores are contained within vesicles of the host cell, and each is derived from a cyanobacterium, though not the same type of cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chloroplasts of algae and plants. A crucial photosynthetic gene of the cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chromatophore is called psaE. This gene is present in the nuclear genome of the cercozoan, but is not in the genome of the chromatophore. This is evidence of ________. A) reciprocal mutations in the chromatophore and nuclear genomes B) horizontal gene transfer from bacterium to eukaryotes C) genetic recombination involving a protist and an archaean D) transduction by a phage that infects both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
B
59) What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom? A) mtDNA B) rRNA genes C) morphological D) ecological
B
6) The various taxonomic levels (for example, phyla, genera, classes) of the hierarchical classification system differ from each other on the basis of ________. A) how widely the organisms assigned to each are distributed throughout the environment B) their inclusiveness C) the relative genome sizes of the organisms assigned to each D) morphological characters that are applicable to all organisms
B
60) The following question refers to this phylogenetic tree, depicting the origins of life and the three domains. Horizontal lines indicate instances of gene or genome transfer. A possible phylogenetic tree for the three domains of life. If the early history of life on Earth is accurately depicted by the figure, then which statement is most in agreement with the hypothesis proposed by this tree? A) The last universal common ancestor of all extant species is one individual species. B) The origin of the three domains appears as a polytomy. C) Archaean genomes should not contain genes that originated in bacteria, and vice versa. D) Eukaryotes are more closely related to archaeans than to bacteria.
B
63) Which of the following statements is accurate, at least according to our present knowledge? A) Eukaryotes acquired nuclear genes only in the distant past; these genes can allow survival in anaerobic environments. B) Genes from prokaryotes have been acquired by some eukaryotes; these genes can allow survival in extreme environments. C) Prokaryotes acquired genes from eukaryotes many times; these genes can allow survival in extreme environments. D) Prokaryotes acquired genes from fungi; these genes can allow the digestion of cellulose.
B
2) To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree, A) choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable. B) choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible. C) choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, in either DNA sequences or morphology. D) choose the tree with the fewest branch points.
C
24) Use the following information to answer the question. Which of the following trees, if any, depicts the same relationship among species as shown above? A) B) C)
C
35) Use the figure to answer the following question. If the figure above is an accurate depiction of relatedness, then which of the following should be an accurate statement? A) The entire tree is based on minimum parsimony. B) If all species depicted here make up a taxon, this taxon is paraphyletic. C) The last common ancestor of species B and C occurred more recently than the last common ancestor of species D and E. D) Species A is the direct ancestor of both species B and species C.
C
41) To apply the principle of maximum parsimony to construction of a phylogenetic tree, ________. A) choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable B) choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible C) choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology D) choose the tree with the fewest branch points
C
42) If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup? A) lion B) domestic cat C) wolf D) leopard
C
46) A phylogenetic tree constructed using sequence differences in mitochondrial DNA would be most valid for discerning the evolutionary relatedness of ________. A) archaeans and bacteria B) fungi and animals C) chimpanzees and humans D) sharks and dolphins
C
50) Which of the following items is most likely to form a simple linear relationship with the number of gene-duplication events, when placed as the label on the vertical axis of the following graph? A) number of mitochondria B) number of cells/organism C) genome size D) phenotypic complexity
C
51) The most important feature that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is ________. A) a large number of base pairs B) being acted upon by natural selection C) a reliable average rate of mutation D) a recent origin by a gene-duplication event
C
54) The question refers to the following table, which compares the percent sequence homology of four different parts (two introns and two exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (for example, Intron I is the one closest to the promoter). The data reported for species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of species A. % Sequence Homology Species Intron I Exon I Intron VI Exon V A 100% 100% 100% 100% B 98% 99% 82% 96% C 98% 99% 89% 96% D 99% 99% 92% 97% E 98% 99% 80% 94% Which of these four gene parts should allow the construction of the most accurate phylogenetic tree, assuming that this is the only part of the gene that has acted as a reliable molecular clock? A) Intron I B) Exon I C) Intron VI D) Exon V
C
64) A phylogenetic tree is shown for the three domains of life (Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria). The tree branches in two directions from the first point, labeled Common ancestor of all life. One branch leads in the direction of Eukarya and Archaea, and the other branch leads to Bacteria. The branch leading to Eukarya and Archaea divide, one branch leading to each domain. The branch leading to Eukarya divides into four branches. One leads to Euglenozoans, and the other three lead to branching points. The first leads to Forams in one direction, and another branching point in the other that leads to Diatoms and Ciliates. The second branching point leads to Red algae in one direction, and a branching point that leads to green algae and land plants in the other direction. The third branching point leads to amoebas in one direction, and a branching point that leads to fungi and animals in the other direction. Land plants, Fungi and Animals are all highlighted. Examine the figure. If you were a graduate student trying to develop a thesis project that would resolve polytomies, which of the following groups would you study? A) animals and fungi B) euglenozoans, euryarcheotes, and gram-positive bacteria C) forams, red algae, and amoebas D) red algae, green algae, and cyanobacteria
C
9) The best classification system is that which most closely ________. A) unites organisms that possess similar morphologies B) conforms to traditional, Linnaean taxonomic practices C) reflects evolutionary history D) reflects the basic separation of prokaryotes from eukaryotes
C
17) The importance of computers and of computer software to modern systematics s is most closely linked to advances in ________. A) light microscopy B) radiometric dating C) fossil discovery techniques D) molecular genetics
D
23) Use the following information to answer the question. Refer to the figure. Which of the following forms a monophyletic group? A) A, B, C, D B) C and D C) D, E, and F D) E, F, and G
D
25) Which of the following would be most useful in creating a phylogenetic tree of a taxon? A) morphological data from fossil and living species B) a knowledge of color patterns in fossil and living species C) a knowledge of mutation rates in modern species D) morphological data from fossil species
D
31) Which of the following is (are) problematic when the goal is to construct phylogenies that accurately reflect evolutionary history? A) polyphyletic taxa B) paraphyletic taxa C) monophyletic taxa D) polyphyletic taxa and paraphyletic taxa
D
32) Phylogenetic trees constructed from evidence from molecular systematics are based on similarities in ________. A) morphology B) the pattern of embryological development C) biochemical pathways D) mutations to homologous genes
D
33) There is some evidence that reptiles called cynodonts may have had whisker-like hairs around their mouths. If true, then hair is a shared ________. A) derived character of mammals, even if cynodonts continue to be classified as reptiles B) derived character of all vertebrates and not of the mammal clade C) ancestral character of the all vertebrates, but only if cynodonts are reclassified as mammals D) derived character of mammals, but only if cynodonts are reclassified as mammals
D
38) The question refers to the following table, which compares the percent sequence homology of four different parts (two introns and two exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (for example, Intron I is the one closest to the promoter). The data reported for species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of species A. % Sequence Homology Species Intron I Exon I Intron VI Exon V A 100% 100% 100% 100% B 98% 99% 82% 96% C 98% 99% 89% 96% D 99% 99% 92% 97% E 98% 99% 80% 94% Based on the tabular data, and assuming that time advances vertically, which phylogenetic tree is the most likely depiction of the evolutionary relationships among these five species? A) B) C) D)
D
39) The question refers to the following table, which compares the percent sequence homology of four different parts (two introns and two exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (for example, Intron I is the one closest to the promoter). The data reported for species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of species A. % Sequence Homology Species Intron I Exon I Intron VI Exon V A 100% 100% 100% 100% B 98% 99% 82% 96% C 98% 99% 89% 96% D 99% 99% 92% 97% E 98% 99% 80% 94% Regarding these sequence homology data, the principle of maximum parsimony would be applicable in ________. A) distinguishing introns from exons B) determining degree of sequence homology C) selecting appropriate genes for comparison among species D) inferring evolutionary relatedness from the number of sequence differences
D
45) Eukaryotes that are not closely related and that do not share many anatomical similarities can still be placed together on the same phylogenetic tree by comparing their ________. A) plasmids B) mitochondrial genomes C) homologous genes that are poorly conserved D) homologous genes that are highly conserved
D
48) Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology? Dogs and wolves ________. A) have very similar morphologies B) belong to the same order C) are both members of the order Carnivora D) share a very recent common ancestor
D
49) The reason that paralogous genes can diverge from each other within the same gene pool, whereas orthologous genes diverge only after gene pools are isolated from each other, is that ________. A) having multiple copies of genes is essential for the occurrence of sympatric speciation in the wild B) paralogous genes can occur only in diploid species, thus they are absent from most prokaryotes C) polyploidy is a necessary precondition for the occurrence of sympatric speciation in the wild D) having an extra copy of a gene permits modifications to the copy without loss of the original gene product
D
5) Based on the tree below, which statement is not correct? A) Goats and humans form a sister group. B) Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans. C) Salamanders are as closely related to goats as to humans. D) Lizards are more closely related to salamanders than to humans.
D
52) Molecular clocks are more reliable when ________. A) the surrounding pH is close to 7.0 B) most mutations of highly conserved DNA sequences should have no functional effect C) the DNA codes for amino acid sequences whose side groups (or R groups) have a neutral pH D) a significant proportion of mutations are not acted upon by natural selection
D
53) Which of the following would, if it had acted upon a gene, prevent this gene from acting as a reliable molecular clock? A) neutral mutations B) genetic drift C) mutations within introns D) natural selection
D
55) Based on cladistics, which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic and, therefore, unacceptable? A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Animalia D) Protista
D
67) The kingdom Monera was dismantled because of which of the following reasons? A) Some Monera contained nuclei in their cells. B) The Monera, as originally constituted, contained both plants and animals. C) The Monera, as originally constituted, was monophyletic. D) Some, but not all, of the organisms in Monera contained DNA sequences that were similar to those of eukaryotes. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 26.6 68) Imagine that you discovered the following information: Feature Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes RNA polymerase small, simple complex complex Introns absent present present Antibiotic sensitivity sensitive insensitive insensitive Membrane Lipids C chains unbranched C chains branched C chains branched These data would support which of the following conclusions? A) Eukaryotes share a more recent common ancestor with bacteria than with archaea. B) Bacteria are the only one of the three groups that lacks a nucleus. C) Archaea are more similar to bacteria than to eukaryotes. D) Eukaryotes are more similar to archaea than to bacteria.
D
7) The relative lengths of the frog and mouse branches in the phylogenetic tree in Figure 26.13 indicate that A) frogs evolved before mice. B) mice evolved before frogs. C) the homolog has evolved more rapidly in mice. D) the homolog has evolved more slowly in mice.
D
7) If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms C, D, and E belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology? A) A and D B) B and D C) B and C D) D and E
D
