Biology Chapter 3 Test Review
cilia and flagella
9+2 pattern of microtubules; first one is rare in plant cells; function of movement in cell?
flagella
Although construction of bacteria is different, what is similar to that of spirochete, a type of bacteria?
decreases
As cells get larger in volume, the proportionate amount of surface area actually what?
revolving nosepiece
At end of class, turn what until low power objective is in place?
mitochondria
Both animal and plant cells contain what?
Ribosomes
Composed of protein and RNA in two subunits; in charge of protein synthesis?
type of a cell that has a membrane bounded nucleus and organelles
Eukaryotic cells
rounded, flattened system of sacs that modify carbohydrates and enzymes and packages them into vesicles
Golgibody
nucleoplasm
Grainular aqueous mixture of enzymes and other molecules that fills interior of nucleus
Autogensis
In the original evolution of eukaryotic cell, what is fossil record evidence, which suggests 1st cells were prokaryotes, biochemical evidence that eukaryotes closely related to Archae, and process in stages over long periods of time, invagnination?
centrioles
Only animal cells have what?
chloroplasts
Only plant cells have what?
True.
Prokaryotes are more metabolically diverse than eukaryotes, even though they are structurally simple.
chromosome
Prokaryotes have a single what, loop of DNA and associated proteins located within a region of the cytoplasm called what?; composed oc hromatin and contains genes
rough
Ribosome are attached to what type of endoplasmic reticulum?
prokaryotes
The DNA, RNA, and ribosomes have their own independent of the rest of cell structure, similar to what?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
The evidence for endosymbosis lies in what two organelles?
autogensis
The fact that membrane of organelles are just like plasma membranes is the evidence for what?
True.
The lack of an X indicates that the structure just might not have been in the field of vision or too small.
reproduction
The what was evidence as it divided by splitting like bacteria?
double membrane
Their size, shape, and structure is similar to bacteria, with what, outer may be derived from being engulfed by membrane of host?
True.
There are other symbiotic relationships, many examples of cell within cell symbiosis, so we know it can happen, valid explanation, like algae live inside fungus cells.
elodea
What cell can you see a cytoplasm, cell wall, and chloroplasts, a vacuole pushes chloroplasts to the side, so they move?
cheek cells
What cell can you see a cytoplasm, nucleus and cell membrane, jagged circles?
onion epidermis
What cell could you see a cell wall, a nucleus, and a cytoplasm, very angular shape?
small cells
What cells are likely to have an adequate surface area for exchanging nutrients and wastes?
frog skin cells
What cells can you see a cell membrane, nuclear membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm, rounded?
frog white blood cells
What cells can you see a cytoplasm, nucleus which is larger, and cell membrane, same with human white blood cells, awkwardly shaped nucleus, rounded?
frog red blood cells
What cells can you see a nuclear, cytoplasm, nuclear membrane, and cell membrane, larger than human ones which you can only see cell membrane, rounded?
ribosomes, DNA, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton
What exist in all cells?
plasma membrane
What has phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; defines cell boundary; regulates molecule passage into and out of cell?
parasitic
What is one theory of endosymbosis, where a small prokaryote invades a large one but can't quit ekill it?
predacious
What is the possible scenario that the large prokaryote engulfs small, but can't digest it?
endosymbiosis
What is the theory that prokaryotes form symbolic relationship with each other, survive better together htan apart?
peptidoglycan
What molecules are present if cell wars are in prokaryotes like archaea and bacteria?
cell theory
What states that all organisms are made of basic living units called cells, all cells come only from preexisting cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, and every organism begins as a single cell?
True.
You don't see DNA molecules when you look at the nucleus in an electron microscope.
endoplasmic reticulum
a complicated system of membranous channels and sacs (flattened vesicles), is physically continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope; sometimes attached ribosomes
resolving power
a microscope's ability to clearly separate details?
Golgi apparatus
a stack of small membranous sacs; processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids?
micrometer
a thousand of these in a millimeter; unit of measurement for cells
monocular microscope
a type of microscope where you use only one eye in viewing the specimen, therefore the image you see has length and width but little depth, object must be small and thin to allow light to pass through them, see form and structure observed by transmitted light
compound
a type of microscope with more than one lens
two
always carry the scope using how many hands
amorphus, without shape
amoeba shape
elodea
aquatic plant with many chloroplasts and thick cell walls
stage
as you set down the microscope in setting up, you set it down gently on the lab table, with the arm toward you and what away from you, while base should be safe distance from the edge of the table?
rounded and spiral
bacteria cell shape
Robert Virchow
believed cells came from preexisting cells, didn't prove it; argued against spontaneous generation
centrioles
cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division
centrosome
central microtubule organizing center of cells
cytoskeleton
composed of Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments; shape of cell and movement of its parts is the function
Rough ER
composed of a network of folded membranes studded with ribosomes; folding, modification, and transport of proteins?
cell wall
composed of cellulose fibrils support and fucntion of cell; not animal?
nucleoli
composed of concentrated area of Chromatin, RNA, and proteins; Ribosomal subunit formation?
Endoplasmic reticulum
composed of membranous flattened channels and tubular canals; syntehsis and or modification of proteins and other substances like lipids; and distribution by vesicle formation?
nucleus
composed of nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nucleoli; storage of genetic information; synthesis of DNA and RNA?
ocular
contains a magnifying lens; keep eye one inch away when looking through
low power objective
contains a middle-range magnifying lens (10 x on our lens)
high power objective
contains the strongest magnifying lens (40x on our scopes)
scanning objective
contains the weakest magnifying lens (4x on our scopes)
cytoplasm
contents of a cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane that contains the organelles
angular, 2D, flat
covering cells shape
nucleolus
dark-staining, spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits
Theodor Schwann
discovered all animals made of cells
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
discovered microorganisms
Matthias Schleiden
discovered that all plants are made of cells
Louis Pasteur
disproved spontaneous generation
Smooth ER
does not have attached ribosomes; synthesizes phospholipids that occur in membranes; performs various other functions; produces testosterone in testes; helps detoxify drugs; also forms vesicles in which products are transported to Golgi bodies?
nuclear envelope
double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and is continuous with the endoplastic reticulum
peroxisome
enzyme-filled vesicles in which fatty acids and amino acids are metabolized to hydrogen peroxide that is then broken down to harmless products
endomembrane system
essentially the transportation and product processing section of the cell; compartmentalizes the cell so that particular enzymatic reactions are restricted to specific regions
cytoplasm
fills space between membrane and nucleus; includes cytosol and all organelles
fimbriae
fingerlike extension from the oviduct near ovary; help attach to appropriate surface, hairlike bristles allow adhesion
epidermis
flat, regular cells that cover surfaces of organisms; appear angular because of crowding
thylakoids
flattened sac within a granum whose membrane contains chlorophyll and where the light dependent reactions of photosyntehsis occur
stroma
fluid within a chloroplast that contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis
capsule/slime layer
gelatinous layer surrounding cells of blue-green algae and certain bacteria; surrounds cell wall; gel like coating
Prokaryotic cells
generally exist as unicellular organisms; lacking a membrane bounded nucleus and organelles; cell type within domains bacteria and archaea
intermediate filaments
group of fibrous polypeptides of various types that make up part of the cytoskeleton; intermediate in size; ropelike assembly of fibrous polypeptides; suport the nuclear envelope, or take part in formation of cell to cell junctions, give mechanical strength in skin cells
nuclear pores
holes in nuclear membrane that control and limit molecules entering and exiting nucleus
brighter
illumination for high power is what?
cover slip
in most cases, material is covered with small, thin piece of glass called what, handle by edges to avoid finger prints?
mitochondria
inner membrane (cristae) bounded by an outer membrane; deals with cellular respiration
cytoskeleton
internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments; maintains shape and allows parts to move
starch
irregularly shaped and sized grains found in potato cells; stain black with iodine
vacuole
large membranous sac filling much of interior of plant cells; positions chloroplasts near surface of cell; maintains cell turgidity
vacuole
large membranous sac; more prominent in plant cells, though animal cells have it; large central; gives added support to cell; stores substances; responsible for colors of flowers; protect a plant from herbivorous animals; include contractile ones for ridding the cell of excess water and digestive ones for breaking down nutrients;
eukaryotic
large, complex cells that contain a nucleus and membranous organelles
1 mm
largest cells are as large as a frog egg which is what
ribosomes
located in the cytoplasm; smaller and structurally different in prokaryotes than eukaryotic cells; good target for antibacterial drugs; site of protein synthesis; RNA and protein in two subunits; in cytoplasm
nucleoid
location of bacterial chromosome
flagellum
long, slender, extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans and sperm; rotating filament present in some bacteria, pushes cell forward
actin filaments
long, thin fibers of the cytoskeleton composed of actin monomers; occur in bundles or meshlike networks, chains of globular actin monomers, helical manner, structural role as they form dense, complex web under plasma membrane; interact with motor molecules, like myosin
cellulose
mOST PLANT CELLS HAVE A PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CELL WALL, PRIMARY ONE MADE OF WHAT, while secondary made of lignin, for fungi chitin as well as this?
chromatin
made of DNA and protein; winds up into chromosomes during cell division
ribosome
made of RNA and protein; found free in the cytosol or attached to endoplasmic reticulum; produces proteins for cellular use or export
microscope slide
material to be studied under a microscope is usually placed on a piece of glass called a what?
mitochondria
membrane bounded organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration; power plants of the cell; cellular differentation and cell death
plasma membrane
membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, regulates entrance/exit of molecules from the cell
lysosomes
membrane-bounded vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus; contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes; garbage disposals; digests macromolecules contents into simpler subunits that enter cytoplasm; like Tay Sachs disease; cells can't break down particular lipid, accumulates inside these
rough endoplasmic reticulum
membranous network of channels throughout cytoplasm with ribosomes attached; modifies, secretes, and store proteins
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
membranous network of channels throughout cytoplasm; modifies, secretes, and stores lipids
Vacuoles and vesicles
membranous sacs of various sizes that deal with storage of substances?
peroxisomes
membranous vesicle containing specific enzymes that deal with various metabolic tasks?
cellular respiration
metabolic reactions that use the energy from carbohydrates, fatty acids, or amino acids breakdown to produce ATP molecules
cytoskeleton
microtubules and microfibers that are involved in cell division, cytoplasmic streaming, and movement of flagella and cilia
maturation saccule
model that vesicles fuse to form an inner face saccule, which matures as it gradually becomes a saccule at the outer face
phospholipid
molecule that composes majority of the membrane; hydrophobic and hydrophilic
stationary saccule model
molecules move through stable saccules from the inner face to the outer face by shuttle vesicles
actin filaments
more on the outside is what, while microtubules is before it?
nucleus
most prominent organelle within a eukaryotic cell; contains DNA; control center of the cell
cilia
motile, short, hairlike extensions on the exposed surfaces of cells
Robert Hooke
named cells
smooth ER
network of folded membranes having no ribosomes; various; lipid synthesis in some cells?
coarse
never use what adjustment with anything but the scanning objective
centrioles
only in animal cells 9+0 pattern of microtubules; forms basal bodies?
lysosomes
only in animal cells; membranous vesicle containing digestive enzymes; intracellular digestion?
chloroplasts
only in plant cells; membranous grana bounded by two membranes; deals with photosynthesis?
nuclear pores
opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus
plasma membrane
outer boundary of cell; phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
nuclear envelope
outer boundary of nucleus; composed of phospholipid bilayer; contains holes for substances to enter and exit nucleus
mitochondria
powerhouse of cell; releases energy via cellular respiration
photosynthesis
process in which plants and algae make their own food using the energy of the sun
chloroplast
prominent green organelle found in photosynthetic organisms
True.
proper folding of proteins is important because like in cystic fibrosis, a mutated plasma membrane channel protein is retained in this because it is folded incorrectly, so cell is unable to regulate transport of chloride ion, resulting in disease.
motor molecules
proteins that attach to cytoskeletal elements and allow for cell/organelle movement
light source
provides light to view specimen
nucleolus
region of nucleus composed of RNA;; involved in production of ribosomes
nucleoid
region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bounded by a nuclear envelope; location of bacterial chromosome
secretion
release of a substance by exocytosis from a cell that may be a gland or part of a gland
perooxisome
right in front of Smooth ER is what?
stage clamps
secures slide to stage
plasmids
self-duplicating ring of accessory DNA in the cytoplasm of bacteria
nucleoplasm
semi fluid medium of the nucleus containing chromatin
cristae
short, fingerlike projections formed by the folding of the inner membrane of mitochondria
peroxisome
similar to lysosomes, membrane bounded vesicles that enclose enzymes; however enzymes here are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes and transported by carrier proteins; contain one or more enzymes that can oxidize various organic substances; results in hydrogen peroxide, a toxic molecule, which is broken into water and oxygen by another peroxisomal enzyme; prevalent in cells that are synthesizing and breaking down fats; in liver break down fats and produce bile salts; plant also have them, reaction uses up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, opposite to photosynthesis in leaves
yeast
single-celled fungi that reproduce by budding; won't stain with iodine; very small
microtubules
small, hollow cylinders of the cytoskeleton composed of tubulin, involved in the structure and movement of cells
vesicles
small, membrane bound sacs filled with various substances; produced by Golgi apparatus
vesicles
small, membrane bounded sac that stores substances within a cell
organelles
small, often membranous structure int he cytoplasm having a specific structure and function
prokaryotic
small, simple type of cell that has no nucleus or membranous organelles
1 um
smallest cells are size of about what
cell wall
sometimes surrounds membrane and provides protectiona nd support to cell; made of cellulose in plants
thin
specimens must be what enough for light to shine through
granum
stack of chlorophyll containing thylakoids in a chloroplast
Golgi Apparatus
stack of slightly curved sacs like a stack of pancakes ; post office of cell because it collects, sorts, packages, and distributes materials such as proteins and lipids, one side of stack directed toward ER in animal cells and other toward plasma membrane; involved in formation of lysosomes
big, fat, 3D
storage cells shape
polyribosomes
string of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis
cell wall
structure that surrounds a plant, protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains the cell's shape and rigidity; support and protection; contains cellulose fibrils
fimbriae
structures used by bacteria to anchor to surfaces
Rough ER
studded with ribosomes on side of membrane that faces cytoplasm; processing and modification of proteins; synthesized here then destined for membrane of the cell or secretion; proper folding, processing, transport of proteins
organelle
subcellular structure that performs a particular function within a cell
base
supports all parts of microscope; used for carrying
stage
supports the slide and specimen
resolution
the ability to distinguish separate points with a microscope
the e is upside down
the position of the image of the letter e on the ocular compared to the printed e on the slide, different from unaided eye
lowered
the stage should be completely what before storing the microscope
endosymbiotic
theory that explains origins of eukaryotic cells; prokaryotic invaded or engulfed another prokaryote and both lived on cooperatively
Chloroplasts
tiny solar panel for collecting sunlight and a factory for making carbohydrates; membranous organelles that contain chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis
centrioles
tubular structures that play a role in cell division of animals
transmission
type of electron scope that can magnify up to 1,000,000 x and look at the interior of cells
matrix
unstructured semifluid substance that fills the space between cells in connective tissues or inside organelles
fine adjustment
use only what to bring the image into focus; usually about one-quarter turn (in either direction) is needed
substage diaphragm
used to adjust the amount of light reaching the specimen
arm
used to carry microscope
revolving nosepiece
used to exchange objective lenses
coarse adjustment
used to focus scanning objective on the slide
slide adjustment knobs
used to position slide above hole in stage
compound microscope
usually what word means two groups of glass lenses, one at each end of a tube?
animal
vacuoles are not in what cells?
lysosomes
vesicles containing digestive enzymes; break down worn out cells and cell parts; not found in plant cells
scanning objective
what objective should be in place before storing the microscope
toward you
when you use slide adjustment knobs to move the slide form right to left, the image moves to the right when you move it to the right, and left when to the left, when you move the slide away, it moves how?
smaller
with high power objective, field of view is what?