Biology Chapter 31 Notecards

Toxoid vaccines

Vaccines that are made from inactivated bacterial toxins.

Live attenuated vaccines

Vaccines that contain weak living pathogens

Component vaccines

Vaccines that only use the parts of the pathogen that contain the antigen.

The skin

What is the immune system's first line of defense?

Activated and memory

When a T cell is activated, it begins to divide and differentiate into two different types of T cells: _______ and ________

Tissue rejection

When the recipient's immune system makes antibodies against the protein markers on the donor's tissue.

Lymphocyte

White blood cells that destroy infected body cells or produce proteins that inactivate pathogens.

Macrophage

White blood cells that engulf dead or damaged body cells and some bacteria; phagocyte.

Neutrophil

White blood cells that engulf pathogens and foreign invaders; phagocyte.

Eosinophil

White blood cells that injects poisonous packets into parasites, such as protozoa.

Mast cell

White blood cells that make chemicals that cause inflammation in other body tissue.

Basophil

White blood cells that makes chemicals that cause inflammation in the blood stream.

Louis Pasteur

Who proposed the germ theory?

Antigen receptors

_______ _______ on the surface of your white blood cells determine whether your immune system will attack or ignore a transplanted tissue.

Antibiotic resistance

________ __________ occurs when bacteria mutate so that they are no longer affected by antibiotics.

Mucous membranes

_________ ___________ in the eyes, nose, ears, and mouth use hairlike cilia covered with a sticky liquid to trap pathogens before they can move into the body.

Vaccine

A ______ is a substance that contains the antigen of a pathogen.

Phagocyte

A cell that destroys pathogens by surrounding and engulfing them.

Histamine

A chemical that causes nonspecifc immune responses, such as inflammation.

Anaphylaxis

A condition that occurs when the immune system releases a large amount of histamine, which causes airways to tighten and blood vessels to become porous.

Infectious

A disease can be one of two types: _________ or non____________

Inflammation

A nonspecific response that is characterized by swelling, redness, pain, itching, and increased warmth at the affected site.

Antigen-presenting cell

A phagocyte that displays foreign antigens on its membrane is called an

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A retovirus that attacks and weakens the immune system.

Humoral immunity

A type of immune response that depends on antibodies.

Cellular immunity

An immune response that depends on T cells.

Opportunistic infection

An infection caused by a pathogen that a healthy immune system would normally be able to fight off.

Allergy

An oversensitivity to a normally harmless antigen.

Allergens

Antigens that cause an allergic reaction.

Vector

Anything that carries a pathogen and transmits it into healthy cells.

Leukemia

Cancer of the bone marrow.

Antiseptics

Chemicals such as soap, vinegar, and rubbing alcohol that kill pathogens.

Pathogens

Disease causing agents

Autoimmune diseases

Diseases in which white blood cells attack the body's healthy cells.

Direct Contact

Diseases that require an infected person or animal to physically touch a healthy person are spread by

103

High fevers about ___ degrees Fahrenheit are dangerous.

By releasing toxic chemicals or destroying healthy body cells.

How can bacteria cause illness?

By piercing healthy cells and taking the cell's nutrients.

How does fungi cause illness?

Genetic immunity

Immunity that a species has because a pathogen is not specialized to harming that species.

Inherited immunity

Immunity that occurs when pathogen-fighting antibodies in a mother's immune system are passed to the unborn bay through the umbilical cord or the mother's milk.

Passive immunity

Immunity that occurs without the body's undergoing an immune response.

Active immunity

Immunity that your body produces in response to a specific pathogen that has infected or is infecting your body.

Histamines

Inflammation begins when mast cells or basophils release chemicals called _________ response to a pathogenic invasion.

Interferons

Low fevers stimulate the production of ___________.

T cells

Lymphocytes that destroy body cells infected with pathogens.

B cells

Lymphocytes that produce proteins that inactivate pathogens that have not yet infected a body cell.

Antigens

Protein markers on the surfaces of cells and viruses that help the immune system identify a foreign cell or virus.

Antibodies

Proteins made by B cells which destroy pathogens.

Interferons

Proteins produced by body cells that are infected by a virus.

Memory cells

Specialized T and B cells that provide acquired amenity because they remember an antigen that has previously invaded your body.

Immune System

The body system that fights off infection and pathogens.

Aquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

The final stage of the immune system's decline due to HIV.

Germ Theory

Theory that states that microscopic particles cause certain diseases.