Biology Chapter 31 Notecards
Toxoid vaccines
Vaccines that are made from inactivated bacterial toxins.
Live attenuated vaccines
Vaccines that contain weak living pathogens
Component vaccines
Vaccines that only use the parts of the pathogen that contain the antigen.
The skin
What is the immune system's first line of defense?
Activated and memory
When a T cell is activated, it begins to divide and differentiate into two different types of T cells: _______ and ________
Tissue rejection
When the recipient's immune system makes antibodies against the protein markers on the donor's tissue.
Lymphocyte
White blood cells that destroy infected body cells or produce proteins that inactivate pathogens.
Macrophage
White blood cells that engulf dead or damaged body cells and some bacteria; phagocyte.
Neutrophil
White blood cells that engulf pathogens and foreign invaders; phagocyte.
Eosinophil
White blood cells that injects poisonous packets into parasites, such as protozoa.
Mast cell
White blood cells that make chemicals that cause inflammation in other body tissue.
Basophil
White blood cells that makes chemicals that cause inflammation in the blood stream.
Louis Pasteur
Who proposed the germ theory?
Antigen receptors
_______ _______ on the surface of your white blood cells determine whether your immune system will attack or ignore a transplanted tissue.
Antibiotic resistance
________ __________ occurs when bacteria mutate so that they are no longer affected by antibiotics.
Mucous membranes
_________ ___________ in the eyes, nose, ears, and mouth use hairlike cilia covered with a sticky liquid to trap pathogens before they can move into the body.
Vaccine
A ______ is a substance that contains the antigen of a pathogen.
Phagocyte
A cell that destroys pathogens by surrounding and engulfing them.
Histamine
A chemical that causes nonspecifc immune responses, such as inflammation.
Anaphylaxis
A condition that occurs when the immune system releases a large amount of histamine, which causes airways to tighten and blood vessels to become porous.
Infectious
A disease can be one of two types: _________ or non____________
Inflammation
A nonspecific response that is characterized by swelling, redness, pain, itching, and increased warmth at the affected site.
Antigen-presenting cell
A phagocyte that displays foreign antigens on its membrane is called an
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A retovirus that attacks and weakens the immune system.
Humoral immunity
A type of immune response that depends on antibodies.
Cellular immunity
An immune response that depends on T cells.
Opportunistic infection
An infection caused by a pathogen that a healthy immune system would normally be able to fight off.
Allergy
An oversensitivity to a normally harmless antigen.
Allergens
Antigens that cause an allergic reaction.
Vector
Anything that carries a pathogen and transmits it into healthy cells.
Leukemia
Cancer of the bone marrow.
Antiseptics
Chemicals such as soap, vinegar, and rubbing alcohol that kill pathogens.
Pathogens
Disease causing agents
Autoimmune diseases
Diseases in which white blood cells attack the body's healthy cells.
Direct Contact
Diseases that require an infected person or animal to physically touch a healthy person are spread by
103
High fevers about ___ degrees Fahrenheit are dangerous.
By releasing toxic chemicals or destroying healthy body cells.
How can bacteria cause illness?
By piercing healthy cells and taking the cell's nutrients.
How does fungi cause illness?
Genetic immunity
Immunity that a species has because a pathogen is not specialized to harming that species.
Inherited immunity
Immunity that occurs when pathogen-fighting antibodies in a mother's immune system are passed to the unborn bay through the umbilical cord or the mother's milk.
Passive immunity
Immunity that occurs without the body's undergoing an immune response.
Active immunity
Immunity that your body produces in response to a specific pathogen that has infected or is infecting your body.
Histamines
Inflammation begins when mast cells or basophils release chemicals called _________ response to a pathogenic invasion.
Interferons
Low fevers stimulate the production of ___________.
T cells
Lymphocytes that destroy body cells infected with pathogens.
B cells
Lymphocytes that produce proteins that inactivate pathogens that have not yet infected a body cell.
Antigens
Protein markers on the surfaces of cells and viruses that help the immune system identify a foreign cell or virus.
Antibodies
Proteins made by B cells which destroy pathogens.
Interferons
Proteins produced by body cells that are infected by a virus.
Memory cells
Specialized T and B cells that provide acquired amenity because they remember an antigen that has previously invaded your body.
Immune System
The body system that fights off infection and pathogens.
Aquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
The final stage of the immune system's decline due to HIV.
Germ Theory
Theory that states that microscopic particles cause certain diseases.
