Biology Chapter 6

Plant cells have two energy-related organelles. ________________ harness light energy to create sugars and ________________ break down these sugars to create ATP

chloroplasts; mitochondria

The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together.

desmosomes; The primary role of desmosomes (anchoring junctions) is to bind cells together.

Mitochondria are found in _____.

plant and animal cells

What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?

plasma membrane

Animal cells are surrounded by a(n) ________________, whereas plant cells are also surrounded by a(n) ________________ .

plasma membrane; cell wall

Found in BOTH eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells only

plasma membranes ribosomes flagella

Mitochondria 2

produces chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cell

Golgi Apparatus in the endomembrane system

protein modification & sorting cisternal maturation

Rough ER in the endomembrane system

protein synthesis

Central Vacuole

regulates cytoplasm composition creates internal pressure and stores cell compounds

Where are lipids made in the cell?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Plant cell wall

strong protective structure made from cellulose fibrils

Proteins that are secreted from a eukaryotic cell must first travel through the endomembrane system.Identify the path a secretory protein follows from synthesis to secretion

1)Protein synthesis 2)Endoplasmic reticulum 3)cis Golgi cisternae 4)medial Golgi cisternae 5)trans Golgi cisternae 6)Plasma Membrane 7)Extracellula Space

The diameter of a typical eukaryotic cell is approximately ten times the diameter of a typical prokaryote. What is the ratio of the volume of typical eukaryotic:prokaryotic cells?

1000:1 As the diameter of a cell increases, other dimensions also change. For two cells of approximately equivalent shape but different diameters, surface area increases as the square of diameter, and volume increases as the cube of diameter. Thus, if a eukaryotic cell is ten times the diameter of a prokaryote, its surface area will be one hundred (102) times that of the prokaryote and its volume will be one thousand (103) times that of the prokaryote.

Which of the following is a possible reason for grouping the peroxisomes with chloroplasts and mitochondria?

All of these organelles appear to increase in number by dividing.

Nucleolus

Assembles ribosomes

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?

Bacteria lack a nucleus; their DNA is found in the nucleoid region.

_____ are found only in plant cells, but _____ are found in both plant and animal cells.

Central vacuoles are found only in plant cells. Ribosomes are found in both plant and animal cells.

Animal Cell only

Centriole

Cytoskeleton

Defines cell shape

Lysosomes

Digests proteins

Parts of the endomembrane system

ER plasma membrane Golgi apparatus nuclear envelope

All proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in the cell. Some ribosomes float freely in the cytosol, while others are bound to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. Most proteins made by free ribosomes function in the cytosol. Proteins made by bound ribosomes either function within the endomembrane system or pass through it and are secreted from the cell. Which of the following proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes?

ER protein lysosomal enzyme insulin

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized, which allows for specialization.

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

Fimbriae

_____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells.

Gap (communicating) junctions; Gap junctions allow for the passage of material between cells, thus facilitating communication between these cells.

Which of the following sequences represents the order in which a protein made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum might move through the endomembrane system?

Golgi apparatus → lysosome; Proteins of the endomembrane system are synthesized in the rough ER, modified and sorted in the Golgi, and then transported to other organelles of the endomembrane system such as vacuoles.

Which of the following categories best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Manufacturing

BOTH plant & animal cells

Mitochondria ER Golgi body Nucleus cytoskeleton Plasma membrane

Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell?

Mitochondrion.

Rough ER

Produces secretory proteins

Which statement correctly describes an endomembrane function?

Products of the ER are usually modified during their transit from the cis to the trans region of the Golgi apparatus.; The cis and trans regions of the Golgi apparatus act as receiving and shipping departments. As molecules move from the cis to the trans face of the Golgi apparatus, they are usually modified.

Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Prokaryotic cells lack any internal membranous compartmentalization.

Which one of the following statements about the endomembrane system is correct?

Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system.

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?

Protetion

A particular cell has a nucleus and chloroplasts in addition to the fundamental structures required by all cells. Based on this information, this cell could be __________.

Some protists (such as algae) can photosynthesize, and so can plants. As both the protists and plants are eukaryotes, they contain organelles.

Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole?

Storing compounds produced by the cell

Smooth ER

Synthesizes lipids

What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

The "m" in mRNA stands for "messenger"; mRNA is the messenger that carries genetic instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast?

The chloroplast makes food for the plant cell by converting light energy to chemical energy.

The structural framework in a cell is the

The cytoskeleton is the structural framework in a cell ("cyto" refers to cell and "skeleton" refers to a structural framework).

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?

The endomembrane system includes the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles. It manufactures, processes, and transports lipids and proteins. The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins.

Identify the correct statement about differences between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Identify the correct statement about differences between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes.

Microfilaments

are responsible for cell locomotion and the cell's structural characteristics.

Intermediate filaments

are rope-like structures that anchor organelles and intercellular junctions called desmosomes. They are specialized for bearing tension.

Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system?

chloroplast

Plant cells only

chloroplast cellulose cell wall central vacuole

What are the three organelles that plant cells have but animal cells do not?

chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall

Which organelles comprise the endomembrane system of a cell?

endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome

The ____________________ builds compounds, whereas the ________________ breaks things down.

endoplasmic reticulum; lysosome

Mitochondria

generates ATP

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Unlike a typical eukaryotic cell, they __________.

have no membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm

Where would you expect to find tight junctions?

in the epithelium of an animal's stomach

The plant cell wall

is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils.

Smooth ER in the endomembrane system

lipid synthesis calcium ion storage poison detoxification

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?

lysosome

Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?

lysosomes; Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and break down worn-out organelles.

Lysosomes in the endomembrane system

macromolecule digestion autophagy

Chloroplast

makes sugar by converting light energy into chemical energy

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.

microtubules

Where in a cell is ATP made?

mitochondria

Golgi Apparatus

modifies and packages proteins

Golgi body

modifies and sorts proteins

Found in prokaryotic cells only

nucleoid

Found in eukaryotic cells only

nucleolus lysosomes mitochondria

Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?

nucleus; DNA is the genetic information of the cell, and it is stored in the nucleus.

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?

ribosomes

Which of the following features do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?

ribosomes, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm

Microtubules

serve as intracellular highways for transporting vesicles and organelles; they are also required for cellular locomotion via flagella and cilia.

Which of these cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials?

tight junctions; Tight junctions form a barrier that prevents fluids from moving between cells.