Biology: Chapter 6 Study Guide

glycolysis

Splitting of sugars; occurs in cytosol (outside mitochondria); In cytoplasm, glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing 2 net ATPs, 2 NADH

metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism's body.

cellular respiration

The enzymatic breakdown of C6H12O6 in the presence of O2 to produce energy.

citric acid

The first product formed in the Krebs cycle:

reduction

The gain of electrons from a substance OR the gain of hydrogen.

oxygen is very electronegative; makes H2O

What characteristic of the element oxygen accounts for its function in cellular respiration?

chemical cycling in the biosphere

What do photosynthesis and respiration result in?

uses CO2 and H2O molecules to form C6H12O6 (glucose) and O2

What does photosynthesis do?

uses O2 to breakdown glucose into CO2 and H2O (opposite of photosynthesis)

What does respiration do?

terminal electron acceptor; makes H2O

What is the role of oxygen? [NOT ON STUDY GUIDE, NEED TO KNOW]

intermediate step and krebs cycle

Where is CO2 produced in cellular respiration? [NOT ON STUDY GUIDE, NEED TO KNOW]

To regenerate NAD+ and keep glycolysis going to produce ATP which keeps the cell alive

Why does fermentation occur? [NOT ON STUDY GUIDE, NEED TO KNOW]

alcoholic fermentation

a process that makes a small amount of ATP and produces alcohol (in plants)

lactic acid fermentation

a process that makes small amount of ATP and produces lactic acid in animals

cell must consume glucose at a rate 19X the consumption rate in the aerobic environment (2 ATP by fermentation vs. 38 ATP by cellular respiration)

A glucose-fed yeast cell is moved from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic one. For the cell to continue generating ATP at the same rate, how would its rate of glucose consumption need to change?

electron transport chain

A group of protein complexes and electron carrier molecules that help produce ATP

aerobic process

A process that proceeds only in the presence of O2

anaerobic process

A process that proceeds whether or not O2 is present (O2 is not required)

Kilocalorie

Amount of energy required to raise temperature of 1 Kg of water by 1°C

catabolic reaction

Breaking down of complex molecules to simpler with release of energy.

anabolic reaction

Building of complex molecules from simpler ones with consuming energy.

Acetyl CoA

Each Pyruvate molecule migrates from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix. Each loses 1 CO2 and produces 1 NADH and becomes...

potential energy

Electrons lose _________ ___________ as they fall towards oxygen.

2 Pyruvic acid + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

End products of glycolysis (for 1 glucose molecule):

glycolysis

First step in Cellular Respiration; splitting of sugar.

Glycolysis, Formation of Acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle, ETC

Four main parts of cellular respiration

pyruvic acid

Glycolysis converts each molecule of glucose to two molecules of _____.

cytoplasm (cytosol)

Glycolysis occurs in (location)

ATP

High energy molecule that stores energy and supplies it when needed

photosynthesis produces energy and cellular respiration breaks it down

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis complementary processes? (energy, reactants & products)

breathing

Inhalation of O2 into the lungs and exhalation of CO2 from the lungs

Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain)

Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae), uses electrons from citric acid cycle to harness energy and produce a large amount of ATP.

mitochondrial matrix

Krebs or Citric acid cycle takes place in the:

cellular respiration

Liberation of Energy by Oxidation of Food - The enzymatic breakdown of C6H12O6 in the presence of O2 to produce energy:

krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)

Occurs in mitochondrial matrix of mitochondria, leads to complete breakdown of glucose and produces a small amount of ATP.

oxidative phosphorylation (intermediate step and krebs cycle just need the PRESENCE of oxygen)

Of the three main stages of cellular respiration, which is the only one that uses oxygen?

carbon dioxide; water; glucose

One Glucose molecule is oxidized to _______ ______ and oxygen is reduced to ________ during cellular respiration. _______ loses electrons and H during cellular respiration and O2 gains them.

strongly

Oxygen attracts electrons very ___________.

ATP

Potential energy (lost by electrons) is captured to make ______.

oxidation

The loss of electrons from a substance OR the loss of hydrogen.

krebs/citric acid cycle

The second major step in the oxidation of glucose

redox reactions (reduction-oxidation reactions)

Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

redox reactions

Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.

NADH & FADH2

carriers for H+ & electrons (from oxidation of glucose)

breathing

exchanges gases from respiration between lungs and air

chemiosmosis

movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient; potential energy of concentration gradient used to make ATP [DEFINITION NOT FROM STUDY GUIDE BUT NEED TO KNOW]

respiration

takes place in cells and needs O2 to breakdown food and release the waste matter CO2

conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA

the bridge between glycolysis and Krebs cycle

reduction

the gain of electrons or gain of hydrogen during a chemical reaction (RiG)

oxidation

the loss of electrons or loss of hydrogen during a chemical reaction (OiL)