Biology: Chapter 6 Study Guide
glycolysis
Splitting of sugars; occurs in cytosol (outside mitochondria); In cytoplasm, glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing 2 net ATPs, 2 NADH
metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism's body.
cellular respiration
The enzymatic breakdown of C6H12O6 in the presence of O2 to produce energy.
citric acid
The first product formed in the Krebs cycle:
reduction
The gain of electrons from a substance OR the gain of hydrogen.
oxygen is very electronegative; makes H2O
What characteristic of the element oxygen accounts for its function in cellular respiration?
chemical cycling in the biosphere
What do photosynthesis and respiration result in?
uses CO2 and H2O molecules to form C6H12O6 (glucose) and O2
What does photosynthesis do?
uses O2 to breakdown glucose into CO2 and H2O (opposite of photosynthesis)
What does respiration do?
terminal electron acceptor; makes H2O
What is the role of oxygen? [NOT ON STUDY GUIDE, NEED TO KNOW]
intermediate step and krebs cycle
Where is CO2 produced in cellular respiration? [NOT ON STUDY GUIDE, NEED TO KNOW]
To regenerate NAD+ and keep glycolysis going to produce ATP which keeps the cell alive
Why does fermentation occur? [NOT ON STUDY GUIDE, NEED TO KNOW]
alcoholic fermentation
a process that makes a small amount of ATP and produces alcohol (in plants)
lactic acid fermentation
a process that makes small amount of ATP and produces lactic acid in animals
cell must consume glucose at a rate 19X the consumption rate in the aerobic environment (2 ATP by fermentation vs. 38 ATP by cellular respiration)
A glucose-fed yeast cell is moved from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic one. For the cell to continue generating ATP at the same rate, how would its rate of glucose consumption need to change?
electron transport chain
A group of protein complexes and electron carrier molecules that help produce ATP
aerobic process
A process that proceeds only in the presence of O2
anaerobic process
A process that proceeds whether or not O2 is present (O2 is not required)
Kilocalorie
Amount of energy required to raise temperature of 1 Kg of water by 1°C
catabolic reaction
Breaking down of complex molecules to simpler with release of energy.
anabolic reaction
Building of complex molecules from simpler ones with consuming energy.
Acetyl CoA
Each Pyruvate molecule migrates from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix. Each loses 1 CO2 and produces 1 NADH and becomes...
potential energy
Electrons lose _________ ___________ as they fall towards oxygen.
2 Pyruvic acid + 2 NADH + 2 ATP
End products of glycolysis (for 1 glucose molecule):
glycolysis
First step in Cellular Respiration; splitting of sugar.
Glycolysis, Formation of Acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle, ETC
Four main parts of cellular respiration
pyruvic acid
Glycolysis converts each molecule of glucose to two molecules of _____.
cytoplasm (cytosol)
Glycolysis occurs in (location)
ATP
High energy molecule that stores energy and supplies it when needed
photosynthesis produces energy and cellular respiration breaks it down
How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis complementary processes? (energy, reactants & products)
breathing
Inhalation of O2 into the lungs and exhalation of CO2 from the lungs
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain)
Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae), uses electrons from citric acid cycle to harness energy and produce a large amount of ATP.
mitochondrial matrix
Krebs or Citric acid cycle takes place in the:
cellular respiration
Liberation of Energy by Oxidation of Food - The enzymatic breakdown of C6H12O6 in the presence of O2 to produce energy:
krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
Occurs in mitochondrial matrix of mitochondria, leads to complete breakdown of glucose and produces a small amount of ATP.
oxidative phosphorylation (intermediate step and krebs cycle just need the PRESENCE of oxygen)
Of the three main stages of cellular respiration, which is the only one that uses oxygen?
carbon dioxide; water; glucose
One Glucose molecule is oxidized to _______ ______ and oxygen is reduced to ________ during cellular respiration. _______ loses electrons and H during cellular respiration and O2 gains them.
strongly
Oxygen attracts electrons very ___________.
ATP
Potential energy (lost by electrons) is captured to make ______.
oxidation
The loss of electrons from a substance OR the loss of hydrogen.
krebs/citric acid cycle
The second major step in the oxidation of glucose
redox reactions (reduction-oxidation reactions)
Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another
redox reactions
Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.
NADH & FADH2
carriers for H+ & electrons (from oxidation of glucose)
breathing
exchanges gases from respiration between lungs and air
chemiosmosis
movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient; potential energy of concentration gradient used to make ATP [DEFINITION NOT FROM STUDY GUIDE BUT NEED TO KNOW]
respiration
takes place in cells and needs O2 to breakdown food and release the waste matter CO2
conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA
the bridge between glycolysis and Krebs cycle
reduction
the gain of electrons or gain of hydrogen during a chemical reaction (RiG)
oxidation
the loss of electrons or loss of hydrogen during a chemical reaction (OiL)
