Biology chapter 8

Calvin Cycle

(depends on light) , reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

NADP

(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

What is the difference between ADP and ATP

ADP is a compound that looks almost like ATP, except that it has 2 phosphate groups instead of 3, the difference is the key to the way in which living things store energy, when a cell has energy available it can store small amounts of it by adding a phosphate group to ADP molecules producing ATP. In a way, ATP is like a fully charged battery, ready to power the machinery of the cell.

With respect to energy, how are ATP and glucose similar? How are they different?

ATP and glucose are similar because they are both chemical sources of energy used by cells. ATP in that cells can regenerate ATP to ADP anytime as needed using the energy in carbohydrates like glucose They are different in terms of composition and structure. Glucose is made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only. ATP has phosphorus and nitrogen Also, ATP is the only form of energy your body can use.

what is ATP's role in the cell?

ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism and usually called the currency of energy transfer. It used by all types of cells as their energy source. In a way, ATP is like a battery by always ready to power up the cell to do its work.

Why are light and chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis?

As well to water and carbon dioxide as the reactants to photosynthesis, photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll. Light is what is taken in by the plant cell to produce energy and carbohydrates. Chlorophyll also helps in this process to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide, as well as providing power for the cell.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Light-dependent reaction

Reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH.

What did van Helmont, Priestley, and Ingenhousz discover about plant growth?

The experiments done by these three famous scientists show that when light is present. Plants transform carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and release oxygen.

What is the function of NADPH?

The function of NADPH is to carry high-energy electrons produced by light absorption in chlorophyll to chemical reactions elsewhere in the cell.

how do heterotrophs obtain energy

can't use light (sun) to make energy directly, so they obtain obtain energy from foods they consume

energy can be stored

in chemical compounds too

energy comes in many forms, name 3

light, heat, electricity

ATP

living things use chemical fuels as well, one of the principal chemical compounds that cells useto store and release energy is adenosine triphosphate ATP. ATP consists of adrenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose and three phosphate groups. The three phosphate groups are the key to ATP's ability to store and release energy.

autotroph

organisms such as plants which make their own food are called autotrophs

heterotroph

other organisms such as animals cannot use the sun's energy directly, these organisms obtain energy from the foods they consume

where do plants get the energy they need to produce food?

plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food

ATP has enough energy to

power a variety of cellular activities, including active transport across cell membranes, protein synthesis and muscle contraction

what is ATP and what is its role in the cell

principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy- its main job is to power the machinery of the cell

how is the energy that is stored in ATP released?

simply by breaking the chemical bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates, energy is released

what is the role of ATP in cellular activities

store and release energy

what is the ultimate source of energy for plants

the sun

how do autotrophs obtain energy

they make their own food and use light energy fromthe sun to produce food

describe one cellular activity that uses the energy released by ATP

variety - including active transport across cell membranes, protein synthesis and muscle contraction