Biology chapter 9
What is the end result of glycolysis
2 molecules of a 3 carbon molecule called pyruvic acid
At the beginning of glycolysis, ____ ATP molecules are used up to get the process of glycolysis going but ____ ATP molecules are produced giving the net gain of _____ ATP molecules
2, 4, 2
During glycolysis, ________ molecules of ATP are used, and __________ molecules of ATP are made
2-4
Without oxygen, organisms can just split glucose into________molecules of pyruvate
Two
Glycolysis uses what
Two ATPs and makes four ATPs, two NADHs and two pyruvates
When oxygen is _______________ glycolysis follows a different path and this process is called ___________
Not present, fermentation
Aerobic respiration involves after____________ was added to the earths atmosphere
Oxygen
The final electron acceptor at the end of cellular respiration is
Oxygen
______________ is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain, when water is formed
Oxygen
most living things use __ to make ___ from glucose
Oxygen and ATP
_________________ is the molecule that enters the Krebs cycle
Pyruvic acid
______________In bread dough uses alcoholic fermentation and produces carbon dioxide gas
Yeast
Which of the following organisms can perform alcoholic fermentation; yeast, humans, bacteria
Yeast and bacteria
End product of glycolysis
pyruvate
During glycolysis, enzymes split a molecule of glucose into two molecules of
pyruvic acid
What is a product of glycolysis
pyruvic acid
Formula for alcoholic fermentation
pyruvic acid + NADH --> alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
Formula for lactic acid fermentation
pyruvic acid + NADH --> lactic acid + NAD+
What does fermentation do?
releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen
Most of the ATP is produced in the stage _________ of cellular respiration.
three
What can use alcoholic fermentation for energy
yeast
During glycolysis __________________, a 6 carbon compound, is transformed into _________________, a 3 carbon molecule
1 molecule of glucose, 2molecules of pyruvic acid
In all the three stages of aerobic respiration, up to ______ molecules of ATP may be produced from a single molecule of glucose.
38
In the presence of oxygen one glucose molecule has the energy to make up to how many ATP's
38
___ now high energy electrons get passed to the electron carrier _____ and each ______ carries one pair of high energy electrons and are then known as ________ and the ______ carries those electrons to the _____
4, NAD+, NAD+, NADH, NADH, ETC
A way of making ____________ without oxygen is called fermentation
ATP
Aerobic respiration produces much more___________than an aerobic respiration
ATP
Most organisms use oxygen to make____________from glucose
ATP
What is energy in the cell
ATP
During the Krebs cycle, energy is captured in molecules of _______________, _______________, and FADH2
ATP and NADH
Channel protein and enzyme that makes ATP
ATP synthase
____________ is the enzyme that produces ATP during the final stage of cellular respiration.
ATP synthase
Describe ATP synthase and its role
ATP synthase acts as a channel protein, helping the hydrogen ions across the membrane. It also acts as an enzyme, forming ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
Are the last two steps of cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic
Aerobic
What performs cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen
Aerobic organisms
In ____________ fermentation, pyruvic acid changes into alcohol and carbon dioxide
Alcoholic
What is fermentation in which pyruvic acid changes into alcohol and carbon dioxide
Alcoholic fermentation
Which of the following are true for both alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation; they start with pyruvic acid, they recycle NAD+ from NADH, they allow glycolysis to continue
All of the above
Which of the following is true about anaerobic respiration; it is a very fast process, it allows organisms to live in places where there is little or no oxygen, involved before aerobic respiration
All of the above
Which of the following is true in lactic fermentation; carbon dioxide is released, NADH is recycled, lactic acid is produced
All of the above
How is speed an advantage of glycolysis
Although the energy yield is small, the process is so fast that is can produce thousands of ATP molecules in just a few milliseconds
Why do your muscles get sore after intense activity
Because your muscle cells used lactic acid fermentation for energy which causes the lactic acid to build up in your muscles which makes your muscles feel tired and sore.
Involved in stage three of cellular respiration
Electron transport chain
Chemical formula of cellular respiration is
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
The small holes in red are formed by bubbles of__________________Gas, which is produced by alcoholic fermentation in yeast
Carbon dioxide
A greater concentration of hydrogen ions in the inter-membrane space than in the mitochondrial matrix
Chemiosmotic gradient
"Folds" created by the mitochondria inner membrane
Cristea
In photosynthesis, electron transport comes at the beginning of the process. Where does electron transport occur during cellular respiration
Electron transport occurs during cellular respiration in the third step, the final stage, taking place in the inner membrane of mitochondria
What is fermentation
Fermentation is an important way of making ATP without oxygen
Energy carrying compound produced during the Krebs cycle
FADH2
True or false : Anaerobic respiration is a very slow process
False
True or false : Fermentation is the process of making ATP in the presence of oxygen
False
True or false : Fermentation recycles NADP+
False
True or false : aerobic respiration evolved prior to anaerobic respiration
False
True or false : cellular respiration begins with the absorption of sunlight by the mitochondria photosystem's
False
True or false : just like the chloroplast, the stroma separates the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria
False
True or false : the Krebs cycle produces 4 ATP
False
True or false: alcoholic fermentation explains why your muscles are sore after intense exercise
False
True or false: anaerobic respiration produces much more ATP than aerobic respiration
False
True or false: there are three types of fermentation ; anaerobic, aerobic, and cellular
False
True or false : like photosynthesis, cellular respiration begins with an electron transport chain
False. It starts with glycolysis.
True or false : Oxygen is the final electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration
False. It's aerobic respiration not anaerobic respiration.
True or false: two NADPH are made during glycolysis
False. NADH
What is the stage of cellular respiration that occurs with or without oxygen
Glycolysis
________________ releases the energy in glucose to make ATP
Glycolysis
The reactions of cellular respiration can be grouped into three stages: ____________, the ____________ cycle, and electron transport
Glycolysis and Krebs
Summarize how up to 38 molecules of ATP are produced for each glucose molecule
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle both produce two ATP molecules which adds up to four ATP molecules. Electron transport then transfer the energy of NADH and FADH2 into as many as 34 ATP molecules.
Why is NAD+ so important in fermentation?
It allows glycolysis to continue so it can make ATP.
Stage two of cellular respiration
Krebs cycle
In ______________ Fermentation, pyruvic acid from glycolysis changes into lactic acid
Lactic acid
What makes your muscles feel tired and sore after intense exercise
Lactic acid
What is fermentation in which pyruvic acid from glucose changes into lactic acid
Lactic acid fermentation
What recycles during fermentation
NAD+
Energy carrying compound involved in stage one and stage two of cellular respiration
NADH
What is the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration
The electron transport chain in cellular respiration transfers energy from NADH and FADH2, which result from the Krebs cycle, to ATP
What is another advantage of glycolysis
The process itself does not require oxygen, therefore making it an anaerobic process
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration
The role of oxygen in cellular respiration is that after passing through the electron transport chain, the "spent" electrons combine with oxygen to form water
During fermentation what do the cells do
They convert NADH back to NAD+ by passing high energy electrons back to pyruvic acid
True or false : ATP synthase pumps, by active transport, hydrogen ions back into the mitochondria matrix
True
True or false : One molecule of glucose holds enough energy to produce up to 38 ATP
True
True or false : The first reaction of the Krebs cycle produces citric acid
True
True or false : aerobic respiration evolved after oxygen was added to earths atmosphere
True
True or false : alcoholic fermentation explains why bread dough rises
True
True or false : cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria
True
True or false : cellular respiration that proceeds in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration
True
True or false : mitochondria passes their own DNA and ribosomes
True
True or false : the Krebs cycle comes after glycolysis, during cellular respiration
True
True or false : whereas plants perform photosynthesis, plants and animals perform cellular respiration
True
True or false: anaerobic respiration let's organisms live in places where there is a little or no oxygen
True
True or false: bread rise because of alcoholic fermentation
True
True or false: fermentation allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen
True
True or false: most living things use glucose to make ATP from oxygen
True
True or false: some organisms can use both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
True
True or false: some organisms may not be able to survive in the presence of oxygen
True
True or false: some plants and fungi and many bacteria do not need oxygen
True
Why is bread light and fluffy
Yeast in bread dough uses alcoholic fermentation and produces carbon dioxide gas. The gas forms bubbles in the dough, which cause the dough to expand. The bubbles also leave small holes in the bread after it bakes, making the bread light and fluffy.
After intense activity, your muscles feel sore because of
accumulation of lactic acid
Cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen
aerobic respiration
Cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen is called
aerobic respiration
Cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen is called ________________ respiration
anaerobic
Cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen
anaerobic respiration
What is respiration in the absence of oxygen
anaerobic respiration
Also known as the Krebs cycle
citric acid cycle
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm of the cell
As the bonds in glucose are broken and rearranged, ____ is released (glycolysis)
energy
What is an important way of making ATP without oxygen
fermentation
During lactic acid fermentation, NAD+ cycles back to allow ___________ to continue
glycolysis
Fermentation involves _________, but not the other two stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis
Glucose splitting
glycolysis
Fermentation involves which stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis only
The order of stages of cellular respiration is
glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain
Where are the electron transport chains of cellular respiration located
inner membrane of the mitochondrion
The last two stages of cellular respiration occur in the
mitochondria
What can use lactic acid fermentation for energy
muscle cells
