Biology Chapter 9 Test

Cells use the energy stored in chemical bonds of foods to produce compounds that directly power the cell's activities, such as ______

ATP

________ is the only product of the Krebs cycle that is not re-used or used in other stages of cellular respiration.

carbon dioxide.

In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is in the ______

cell membrane

_________ takes place in nearly all life

cellular respiration

process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen

cellular respiration

What is cellular respiration

cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.

A calorie is a unit of_____

energy

If cellular respiration took place in just one step, most of the _____ would be lost in the form of light and ____

energy; heat

process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

fermentation

Where do organisms get energy

food

What other kinds of molecules can be used to produce ATP in cellular respiration

glucose, lipids, proteins, complex carbohydrates that can be broken down into glucose

first set of reactions in cellular respiration during which 1 molecule of glucose, a 6-carbon compound, is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.

glycolysis

the Calorie used on food labels is equal to ______ calories

1000

The equation that summarizes cellular respiration, using chemical formulas is_______

602+C6H12O6 > 6CO2 + 6H2O+ Energy

At the end of glycolysis, about _____ percent of the chemical energy is locked in the bonds of the _______ molecule.

90; pyruvic acid

What happens during the process of glycolysis

During glycolysis 1 molecule of glucose, a 6 carbon compound, is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3 carbon compound.

What happens during the Krebs cycle

During the Krebs cycle pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

How does the body produce ATP during different stages of exercise?

For short, quick bursts of energy, the body uses ATP already in muscles as well as ATP made by lactic acid fermentation. For exercise longer than about 90 seconds, cellular respiration is the only way to continue generating a supply of ATP.

What are two advantages of glycolysis?

Glycolysis occurs very quickly, which allows it to supply ATP if energy demand suddenly increases. Glycolysis can quickly supply energy to cells when oxygen is not available.

How do organisms generate energy when oxygen is not abailable

In the absence of oxygen, fermentatino releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP.

second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

Krebs cycle

electron carrier involved in glycolysis

NAD+ (nicotinamid adenin dinucleotide)

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and ellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food.

How does the electron transport chain use high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.

Why is it an investment for the cell to use two ATP at the beginning of glycolysis?

The end result of glycolysis is the production of four ATP. Using two ATP at the start of glycolysis gives the cell a net gain of two ATP.

How much ATP does cellular respiration generate

Together, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain release about 36 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.

How many ATP molecules per glucose molecule does a cell gain from each of the three stages of cellular respiration.

a cell gains 2 atp molecules per glucose molecule from glycolysis, 2 more ATP molecules from the Krebs cycle and 32 ATP molecules from the electron transport chain.

The compound that joins with a 4-carbon molecule in the Krebs cyycle is called _____

acetyl-CoA

process that requires oxygen

aerobic

The pathways of cellular respiration that require oxygen are said to be _____. Pathways that do not require oxygen are said to be _____.

aerobic; anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

anaerobic

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

calorie

Cellular respiration begins with a pathway called ______, which takes place in the ______ of the cell

glycolysis; cytoplasm

The transfer of high-energy electrons down the electron transport chain causes ____ to be transported across the mitochondrial membrane.

hydrogen ions

In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is composed of a series of electron carriers located in the _______ of the mitochondrion.

inner membrane

A Calorie is also reffered to as a ______

kilocarlorie

In the matrix, pyruvic acid is converted to _____ acid before the Krebs cycle begins.

lactic

innermost compartment of the mitochondrion

matrix

The pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis enters the _______ if oxygen is present in a cell.

mitochondria.

Cellular respiration continues in the _____ of the cell with the _ and electron transport chain.

mitochondria; Krebs cycle

The energy flow in photosynthesis and cellular respiration occurs in the ____ direction

opposite

Cellular respiration removes ______ from the air.

oxygen

ATP synthases produce the force needed to add one ____ to each ADP molecule by spinning when hydroen ions flow through thm

phosphate group