Women and History; Final Exam

Mary Harris

"Mother Jones": She advocated 1870s through early 1900s for protective labor legislation for women and child labor laws. She marched maimed children across New York in 1903 to bring attention to the problem of child labor and unsafe working conditions.

Abolitionism

A 19th century movement based on the sentiment that slavery should be abolished. This did not mean that they also believed in racial equality

Margaret Brent

A Catholic emigrant that settled in Maryland. First woman to demand right to vote in the English Colonies in 1648 before the Maryland Assembly.

Rose O'Neal Greenhow

A Southern lady and a Confederate spy, part of the Washington Society. Her letters and papers give historians insight into southern women's lives and experiences of the Civil War.

Sojourner Truth

A former slave woman, she advocated for the end of slavery and for women's rights. Her famous, "Ain't I a Woman?" speech highlighted the double standard black women faced during the 19th century.

Mary Anderson

A friend of Jane Adams. Member of the WTUL and a labor rights advocate during the 1910 strike in Chicago. Head of the Women's Bureau 1920-1944. She got the minimum wage written into Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938.She lobbied in Congress to pass the Equal Pay Act in 1963

Mary Boykin Chestnut

A white southern plantation mistress who kept a journal leading up to and through the Civil War. Her journal provided evidence of male slave owners sexual exploitation with enslaved women. Primary concern was the impact of the plantation owners cheating on their wives.

The Four Republican Motherhood Ideals

Abigail Adams, Eliza Pickney, Mercy Otis Warren and Judith Sargent Murray

Amelia Bloomer

Advocate of dress reform and health knowledge for women in the mid and late 19th century

Sarah Winnemucca

Advocated for rights of Native Americans and cultural preservation in 1890's. First American Indian women to write her own autobiography; "Life among the Paiutes" which drew attention to the wrongs they suffered. Opened a school that would continue to use Paiute language.

Leonora Barry

After her husband died she went to work in the textile mills in the 1880s to support her children. She joined the Knights of Labor. She advocated for protective legislation. Led the effect to recruit women and have them report to the Knights of Labor the working conditions they saw.

Harriet Jacobs

Also known as Linda Brent. Wrote "Her Incident's in the Life of Slave Girl" which highlighted the sexual assault. Her autobiography on her determination to escape her married owners sexual advances led her to hide in a small attic for 7 years. She willingly ended up taking a single white man for her lover.

American Anti Suffrage Society

An abolitionist society founded by Garrison, Lucretia Mott and her husband. The issue of women's rights in 1840. Marks the beginning of an organized effort to end slavery.

Mary Church Terrell

An educated and wealthy black women, one of the first with a college degree in the 1880s. She helped found the NACWC advocating for awareness, rights and race elevation. She was a strong advocate for education and served on the DC Board of Education.

1787 Northwest Ordinance

Banned slavery in the western territories. African American women and their children would not be sold to slavery in the North West

Francis Willard

Became president of the WCTU in 1879, largest women's organization and moved this very conservative organization into supporting Suffrage. In 1894 the WCTU begins to publically support women's suffrage.

New York's Married Women's Property Rights Act 1848

Became the model for the rest of the states in granting women the right's to their property and income.

National Consumers League

Begun by Florence Kelley in 1899. This organization was strongly anti-sweatshop, advocated for safer condition, 10 hour work day, protective legislation for women and advocated for the creation of federal Children's Bureau and federal child labor restrictions. They also lobbied and got passed the 1908 Pure Food and Drug Act

Phyllis Wheatley

Bought to the colonies from Africa. Was purchased when she was 8. She was taught to read by one of the owners daughters. She studied Latin and Greek. She had the gift of poetry. A collection of her poems was published in 1773 in London.

GFWC

By 1914, 500 state and local women's clubs had affiliated and a million women had joined. They focused on lobbying and activism for child labor laws, creation of libraries, compulsory education and food and drug regulations. Endorsed women's suffrage in 1914. Still in existence, 100,000 members today. They support the arts, preservation of natural resources, education, healthy lifestyles, civil involvement and promotion of peace.

Jane Addams

Co-founded Hull House Settlement House in Chicago in 1889 with Ellen Starr. The Mother of American Social Work. A leading Progressive Era reformer who advocated for safer conditions, better pay and education for laboring classes, she opposed child labor, advocated for compulsory education and protective labor legislation for women. She was a suffragist and was vice-president of the National American Women Suffrage Association. Became chairman of the Women's Peace Party in 1915. She was also a founding member of the ACLU. In 1931 she was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Society for the Relief of Poor Widows with Small Children

Collected charity for widows with small children. Society women paid subscriptions (pledges) to this organization. Ultimately they founded the first orphanage.

Mary Lyon

Created Mount Holyoke in 1837 in Massachusetts, which was as a female seminary. She advocated that women be educated to be missionaries and teachers. This school was for girls who came from poor families. The students perform most of the labor around school to lower tuition costs.

Ida B Wells

Educated black woman best known for her work exposing the problem of lynching of black men in the South. Helped to found NACWC and NAACP which advocate for black civil rights.

Children's Bureau

Established in 1912. Heavily advocated for by Lillian Wald and Florence Kelley. The first Federal program (and first worldwide) to study the welfare, health, safety, education and prospects of children in the US. One of their first big campaigns was to save 100,000 babies. It was a precursor to the social welfare programs that developed during the Great Depression, for improving the lives of children and families They focuses on adoption, child abuse and neglect, child welfare services and foster care services and guardianship. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974 was another milestone for them

Womens Trade Union League

Formed in 1903 by Jane Addams, Lillian Wald and Mary Anderson to address factory conditions. They advocated for the 8 hour day, minimum wage, end to child labor and safer working conditions. Eleanor Roosevelt worked with and supported by 1922. The League dissolved in 1950.

Penelope Baker

Formed the Edenton Tea Party which consisted of 51 ladies who publically renounced British tea imports. They boycotted British goods

Ester Reed

Formed the Ladies Association of Philadelphia and these women raised thousands of dollars to support the Continental Army. She then communicated with and organized the other governors wives across the colonies to form similar fundraising groups.

Americans Women Suffrage Association

Founded by Julia Ward Howe, Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell to support the 15th amendment and seek state by state legislation giving women the right to vote.

NWSA

Founded in 1869 by Stanton and Anthony with the goal of achieving a national amendment giving women the right to vote.

WCTU

Founded in 1874. Their campaign of "Protection of the Home" successfully advocated for the banning of alcohol in the 18th amendment. Under the leadership of Francis Willard also advocates successfully for suffrage and the passage of the 19th amendment. Still in existence, current focus is on educating teachers in tobacco and alcohol use prevention education.

Hull house

Founded in Chicago. Had over a million residence. The clubs provided social services and educational opportunities to working class immigrant families. Opened in September 1889 with 40 programs.

Isabella Graham

Founded the Society for the Relief of Poor Widows with Small Children in the early. To address the problem of poverty in New York. She founded the first orphanage which became the oldest one in New York.

15th Amendment

Gave men the right to vote as part of citizenship. The first time the constitution distinguishes between men and women's rights.

Salem Witchcraft Trials

Happened in 1690. Over a hundred people were accused of witchcraft. 20 were killed, over three quarters were women. The allegation was that women were more sinful and susceptible to the devil. In 1693 the trials ended once a fair number of respectable women were being charged.

Weetamoo

Held a spiritual leadership position in Wampanoag tribe. King Phillips was her husband. She drowned while trying to escape the English who sought her capture based on her powerful position. Her life serves as an example of the leadership positions open to women in Native American Society compared to British Colonial women's options.

Florence Kelley

Henry Street Settlement resident reformer. Successfully lobbied for the passage of the 1908 Pure Food and Drug Act to provide federal regulation of the cleanliness and safety of food and drug production. She and the NCL established the white label to identify merchandize manufactured in factories free of child labor. She advocated for protective labor legislation. She proposed a Commission on Children, later she and Lillian Wald advocated for the creation of a Federal Children's Bureau.

Elizabeth Keckley

Her way to Freedom was to become the official seamstress to the first lady; Mary Todd Lincoln. She wrote her autobiography "Behind the Scenes Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House." which shed light on the race relations in DC during the civil war. Public outrage, ended her life.

Zitkala-Sa

Highly education Sioux woman who lobbied for passage of the 1924 Indian Citizenship Act to allow Indians right to vote. She was a founder of the National Council of American Indians in 1926. Wrote "The School Day's of an Indian Girl." Was uprooted from her native culture and failed to adapted into American culture. Had her hair cut off.

Julia Lathrop

Hull House resident reformer. First director of the federal Children's Bureau established in 1912, the first social advocacy/welfare program in the US. She was the first woman to ever head a federal bureau.

Grace Abbott

Hull House resident reformer. She became the second director of the Children's Bureau and helps write the Aid to Dependent Children section of the Social Security Act 1935 during the New Deal.

Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell

In 1869 they formed the American Women's Suffrage Association: This group admitted men and women and sought state by state women's suffrage. They supported the passage of the 15th amendment which was ratified in 1870. They made the Marriage Contract in 1855 that adjusted the marriage law.

Alice Hamilton

In 1908 she was appointed to the Occupational Diseases Commission of Illinois, the first investigative body of its kind. She researched silicosis in the mining community and advocated for safer mine standards and oversight. Her work lead to the field of Industrial Hygiene. She served as medical consultant to the US Division of Labor Standards in 1935.

1884 Dawes Act

Individualize land holding and sought to end Native American culture by incorporating Native Americans into the broader society. Forced Americanization in education,plus the cultural and land loss of Native American tribes. Native American women lost access to land ownership and thus food production.

Rose Schneiderman

Key organizer of the WTUL for the Shirtwaist strike of 1909. She advocated a ten hour day, pay increases, union recognition, increased unionization for women, and safer conditions. Was a cap making in the garment industry by 13.

Sybil Ludington

Like Paul Revere, road over the countryside calling out the oncoming British troops during the Revolutionary War.

Jovita Idar

Mexican American woman journalist in Texas who exposed the lynchings of Mexican Americans by the Texas Rangers. She also founded and woman's group who organized schools for Mexican American children in the early 1900s.

Molly Brant

Mohawk Indian. Used her cross-culture skills on behalf of the British to help secure the Iroquois Tribe loyalty to the British during the American Revolution.

Anne Hutchinson

Moved to Puritan Colony, Mass. in 1634. Started teaching men and women religious beliefs. Challenged both the Orthodox religion and the male authority. Her trail found her guilty in 1637 and banished her from the colony. She settled with her family in the Dutch colony of New Netherlands (NY)

Seneca Falls Convention 1848

Organized by Stanton Mott and Motts sister and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The foundation of the Women's Rights Movement

1934 Indian Reorganization Act

Promoted heavily by Zitkala Za, Restored Native lands to the control of Native Americans and recognized Native American governments. Ended the forced Americanization education programs in Indian schools.

1830 Indian Removal Act

Resulted in the removal of 45,000 Indians from the American Southwest. The Cherokee trail of tears is the most famous and deadly removal. They were uprooted and forced west.

Helen Hunt Jackson

Saw the abuse of Native Americans as a moral issue. The governments Indian policies; " A Century of Dishonor" which highlighted the broken treaties and abuses of Native Americans by America. Her work resulted in the Dawes Act. Wanted protection for the remaining Mission Indians in California.

Deborah Sampson

She dressed as a man and fought in the Revolutionary War. Paul Revere wrote a letter to congress supporting her appeal. In 1805 her petition was approved and she became the first women to receive a veterans petition from the government.

Catherine Beecher

She founded a school for girls and strongly advocated for the education of women as teachers. Promoted women educators across the west. Believed women and men occupied two separate spheres.

Lucretia Mott

She founded the Female Anti-Slavery Society of Philadelphia in 1835. Her and her husband; both Quakers and outspoken abolitionists.

Lillian Wald

She founded the Henry Street Settlement in 1893 in New York to serve poor immigrant neighborhoods. Through the settlement job training, clubs, exercise, arts and education were provided to the community. She was one of the founders of the WTUL. She raises the idea of a Federal Children's Bureau to Florence Kelley.

Dorothea Dix

She was a reformer who addressed the miserable condition of the insane during the 19th century. She helped establish mental hospitals for those with mental illness rather than being housed in jails. She also later during the civil war served as Superintendent of Army Nurses helping to incorporate sanitary standards and nursing practices into the military to reduce non-combat related illness and death.

Mary Dyer

She was banished in 1638 from Massachusetts and followed Anne Hutchison. She went to England in 1650 and there she joined the Quakers. She returns Boston in 1857 and due to the new Anti-Quaker law, was arrested and expelled. In 1658 Massachusetts passed a new law administering death to Quakers. She challenged Massachusetts anti-Quaker law and was arrested and hanged as one of the three Boston Martyrs in 1660.

Lydia Maria Child

She was the editor for Harriet Jacob. In 1833 published "An Appeal of That Class of Americans Called Africans." which was an appeal to end slavery and racial discrimination.

Sally Hemings

She was the enslaved woman whose long term relationship with Thomas Jefferson for 25 years. She was also the half-sister to his dead wife. Sally bore six children, four of which reached adulthood.

Eliza Deitz Clymer

She was the first president of the GFWCs 1890. Focused on lobbying and activism for child labor laws, creation of libraries, compulsory education and food and drug regulations.

Susan B Anthony

She worked with Elizabeth Cady Stanton on women's rights and suffrage. They formed the National Women's Suffrage Association (NWSA). did not support the 15th amendment and focused on a wider range of women's rights. At the end of the 19th century she helped orchestrate the successful merger of the NWSA and the AWSA into the NAWSA group. To form this coalition, Anthony had to reduce her focus from a broader array of women's rights to Suffrage and let be a host of other women's rights concerns.She was a powerful symbol of the Suffrage Movement and critical in mobilizing the push for the 19th amendment.

Judith Sargent Murray

She wrote "On the Equality of the Sexes" published in 1790. She also wrote "The Gleaner." She argued women were intellectual equals and should be educated.

Margaret Fuller

She wrote "Woman and the Nineteenth Century 1845." She advocated for women's right to an education and the right to employment.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

She wrote the Declaration of Sentiments in 1848 which laid out the issue of women's rights and established the desire for the right to vote as a central issue. The 15th amendments exclusion of women from voting rights. She successfully got New York to pass married women property rights and guardianship of children on husband's death or divorce. Most significant document for women in the history of the US.

Eliza Pinkney

South Carolina planter's daughter ran her father's plantations. She was highly educated, married well and raised sons who became political leaders of the US during the Early Republican period. She serves as an illustration of the ideal of Republican Motherhood.

Mary Walker

Syracuse medical college graduate. She was the second woman to earn a medical degree. Worked voluntarily in Army hospital in DC during Civil War, at first only allowed to as nurse. Hired by Army General George Thomas as a civilian field surgeon in 1863. First woman doctor hired by military. Also first to get the Congressional Medal of Honor.

Minor v Happersett 1875

The Supreme court ruled that women do not have the right to vote in federal elections. Virginia sought to vote in the election of the president and vice-president.

Republican Motherhood

The belief developed during the Revolution that women should be educated companions of their husbands and educated the children. They did not gain the equal representation.

Maria Stewart

The first black woman to lecture on women's rights and slavery in public in the early 1830's in Boston. Garrison published 3 out of 4 of her lecture's in The Liberator.

Elizabeth Key Grinstead

The first enslaved African American woman to sue for her freedom and her infant son's. She won her sue in July 1656 in Virginia. She won her suit based on the fact that her father was an Englishman and she was a baptized Christian. The Virginia House of Burgesses passed the 1662 Servant and Slave code

Nancy Ward

The last "beloved women" Head of the Cherokee Women's Council. She wanted a peaceful existence with the whites. She was petitioning to stop the men from selling their lands, arguing that women need to retain the control of the land.

Female Moral Reform Society

This New York association was created to try to reduce prostitution. They estimated 5-10% of women fell into prostitution. They were concerned with the morality of the girls and tried to address licentious men who they held responsible for "ruining" girls. They lobbied to make prostitution a crime.

Bradwell v Illinois 1873

This Supreme court case ruled that Myra did not have the right to be admitted to the bar. This upheld and legalized the practice of sex discrimination in professions.

Foreign American Anti-Slavery Society

This abolitionist group did not believe in women's rights. Women were not allowed in membership

Women's Bureau

This federal organization was established in 1920, it was founded to provided information on women to congress and advocate for protective labor legislation and better working conditions. This was first headed by Mary Anderson who helped write the idea into federal law with the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act. This organization still exists as a department within the US Department of Labor and still studies and advocates for women today focusing on equal pay, job flexibility, higher paying jobs for women employment for homeless veterans.

1691 Statute Outlawing Interracial Union

This law banned interracial marriage. Those that married people of different races were fined and the married couple had to leave the state. Marriages with slaves and among slaves were not legally recognized.

1662 Virginia Slave Law

This shifted common law considerably. The child status was always that of its fathers. Now a slave women has the property of her child, regardless of the status of the father even if they're married.

Woman's Rights Convention 1851

This was where Stanton and Anthony met. They were introduced by Amelia Bloomer. This would be a powerful friendship and forge a coalition that would ultimately win women the right to vote.

Sarah Hale

This widow became the editor of Godey's Ladies Book a magazine. She promoted the concept of the women's sphere, advocated for women's property rights and for expanded educational opportunities for women. She did not advocate for women's right to vote.

Angelina Grimke

Transformed from a slaveholders daughter to an antislavery leader. Became apart of the Society of Friends in 1836, in the same year Garrison hired her into AASS. In 1838 during her last speech she gave in Pennsylvania Hall in Philly to the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women was interrupted by a violent mod that burned the hall down the next day.

Sarah Grimke

Transformed from a slaveholders daughter to an antislavery leader. Moved to Philly in 1821 and opened a school. In 1822 she became a member of the Society of Friends. Had many things published by the AASS. In 1837 she wrote the "Reply to Pastoral Letter." Demands equality and moral accountability for women.

Emma Willard

Tried to get public funding for girls education in 1819. Though she was not successful she did draw enough support to endow a school for girls and in 1821 opened the Troy Seminary. Her education was female focused and religious in nature.

Muller v Oregon 1908

Upholds the Protective Labor legislation banning long hours for women.

Clara Barton

Was a battlefield nurse who removed the wounded from the battlefield, helped initiate battlefield hospitals. She improved sanitation among the northern encampments leading to a significant reduction in death due to disease. She won National Acclaim for Nursing, later founded the American Red Cross

Mercy Otis Warren

Was a printer and writer who supported the Revolutionary cause. Supporting the Bills of Rights. She wrote and published a major history of the American Revolution. Correspondence with key figures; Washington, Jefferson and Adams.

Mary Jemison

Was captured by Indians at 15 years old. Choose to live most of her life with the Seneca of the NY tribe. Her Autobiography documented the different types of housework Native American women engaged in versus European colonial women. Adopted into a family Mary married and had children and became accustomed to the Seneca way of life.

National Association of Colored Womens Club

Was founded in 1896 by Ida B Wells and Mary Church Terrell. These highly educated black women from the middle and upper classes focused on 'racial uplift' with the motto "Lifting as we Climb" and community charity and education. This organization is still at work today.

Lowell Offering and Voice of Industry

Was published by the women workers of the Lowell Mills in the early 19th century. This is an early example of the voice of female factory workers.

Sheppard Towner Act/ Maternity and Infancy Act 1921

Was the first Federal law providing grants to States to fund human social services. Reducing infant and maternal mortality. This act allocated Federal money for promoting maternal and child health clinics and education. The act was repealed in 1929, but Grace Abbott and Katherine Lenroot wrote similar funding into the New Deal Social Security Acts.

Elizabeth Blackwell

Was the first woman to earn a medical degree. Her and her sister founded a hospital in NY city; Infirmary for Women and Children, after being unable to get work as a doctor because she was a woman. She founding the Women's Central Relief Association which became the US Sanitary Commission supplying much need medical supplied to the US military during the Civil War.

Anne Bradstreet

Wife of the governor of Massachusetts, she represents the colonial "goodwife." She was private. Her poem written before the birth of child illustrates the fear of death in childbirth which claimed 1 in 10 women in the Colonial period.

Mary Rowlandson

Wife to puritan minister in Lancaster. Her village was attacked. She was shot, had her family ripped from her, lost a daughter. Spent 11 week as a captive, slave and hostage during King Phillips war. Was a full time servant. Was released after 83 days in captivity on May 2nd. Wrote a book; The Narrative of Captivity and Restoration.

World Slavery Convention 1840

Women had to sit in the balcony seats. Lucretia Mott was not allowed to be a delegate at the convention. She met Elizabeth Cady Stanton there. They would eventually organize the Women's Rights Convention of 1848 at Seneca Falls

Sarah Bagley

Worked in the mills during the early 19th century. Founded the Female Labor Reform Society. Advocating for a 10 hour work day, safer conditions and better pay. Girls typically worked from 5 am to 7 pm. They were paid less than men and had their wages were cut

Julia Ward Howe

Wrote "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" the defining civil war song that memorialized the righteousness of the union case. She founded the American Women's Suffrage Association with Lucy Stone and advocated for the passage of the 15th Amendment and Mother's Day celebrations.

Susanna Rowson

Wrote Charlotte Temple, It was a seduction and cautionary tale warning girls of the dangers of licentious men.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852. Shed a negative light on the slave system and the South. Her work is credited with increasing anti-slavery sentiment in the north.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women. Supported the idea that women should have rights. She laid the intellectual framework for the growing American women's rights movement of the early 19th century.