Biology - Characteristics of Life and Water

Which kinds of atoms tend to interact with others? Why?

Atoms whose outer shells are not full. Since their outer shells are incomplete, all of these atoms react readily with other atoms.

Relative mass

Average of the protons and neutrons found in the nucleus

How are elements located on the periodic table?

Based on atomic structure

Metal + non-metal =

ionic compound

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally. The pulling of shared, negatively charged electrons closer to the more electronegative atom makes that atom partially negative and the other partially positive.

Cell

A fundamental unit of life

How many degrees can a snowy owl rotate its head?

270 degrees

How many periods are on the periodic table?

7

How many properties do we associate with life?

7

How many groups are there in the periodic table?

8 main groups, 18 total

Covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule. When two atoms with incomplete outer shells react, each atom will share, donate, or receive electrons. That way both partners end up with completed outer shells.

Molecule

A cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds

Organelle

A membrane-enclosed structure that performs a specific function within a cell

Diatomic molecule

A molecule consisting of two atoms

Anion

A negatively charged ion

Cation

A positively charged ion

Example of evolutionary adaptation

A snowy owl's sharp talons facilitate prey captured and its feathered feet keep it warm in its cold habitat.

Symbol

Abbreviation for a chemical element

Response to the environment

All organisms respond to environmental stimuli

Population

All the individuals of a particular species living in an area.

Ion

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge resulting from the gain or loss of one or more electrons.

Electronegativity

An atom's attraction for shared electrons

Organism

An individual living thing

Tissue

An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.

Go from biosphere to molecule

Biosphere (whole world) --> Ecosystem (Florida Everglades) --> Community (all organisms in the wetland ecosystem) --> Population (all alligators living in the wetland) --> organism (an American alligator) --> organ system (nervous system) --> Organ (brain) --> Tissue (nervous tissue) --> cell (nerve cell) --> organelle (nucleus) --> molecule (DNA)

Chemical reaction

Breaking existing chemical bonds and forming new ones.

How can life be defined?

By a set of common properties.

Example of energy processing

Caterpillars will use the chemical energy stored in plants to power its own activities and chemical reactions

Example of order in life

Cells create order

Groups

Columns

Names of the electron shells

Go from nucleus out; k (1), l (2), m (3)

Ecosystem

Consists of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as the physical components with which all the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water, and sunlight.

Important exception in the octect ruel

Hydrogen only needs two valence electrons

Valence

Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom

Methods of separating mixtures:

Evaporation, gravity, screens, filters, other means

Evolutionary adaptation

Evolve over many generations, as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring.

When water is in a liquid form:

There are a few bonds

Ionic bond

Forms when atoms are held together by the attraction of opposite charges

Types of mixtures:

homogeneous and heterogeneous

Poor metals

Good conductors, but not as good as others

Alkali Metals

Group 1, 1 electron in outer level, very reactive, Hydrogen is in this group.

Halogens

Group 17, 7 valence electrons (want one more), not very stable

alkaline earth metals

Group 2, 2 electrons in the outer level, reactive metals, fairly stable

Transition metals

Groups 3-12, varied numbers of electrons, different characteristics

What makes water cohesive?

Hydrogen bonding

4 main types of bonds

Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, Van Der Waals Interactions

What size particles do heterogeneous mixtures have?

Large particles

Order

Living cells make up complex organizations.

Organ

Made up of several tissues, each in turn make up a group of similar cells that preform a specific action.

Regulation

Many types of mechanisms regulate an organisms internal environment, keeping it within limits that sustain life.

Electrons

Negative charge (unless it is an ion)

Neutrons

No charge (neutral)

What parts of the atom are involved in its chemical activity?

Only the electrons

Properties we associate with life

Order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, regulation, response to the environment, evolutionary adaptation

Reproduction

Organisms reproduce their own kind. The creation of individuals from existing ones.

Only other elements that Hydrogen bonds to:

Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Fluorine

When water is in a vapor form (steam):

There are no bonds

What causes water molecules to combine?

Positive and negative ends of the polar molecule attract causing them to combine.

Protons

Positive charge

Which two subatomic particles are located in the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and neutrons

Atomic number equals the number of _____ or ______.

Protons; electrons

Atomic mass equals the numbers of ______ + ________.

Protons; neutrons

What can weak bonds be used for?

Reversible interactions

How to find the number of neutrons

Round the relative mass - the atomic number

Periods

Rows

What do elements in the same period have in common?

Same number of atomic orbitals

What do elements from the same family have in common?

Similar properties, same number of valence electrons (except for elements in the transition metal family)

What size particles do homogeneous mixtures have?

Smaller particles

Suspensions

Solid particles in gas or liquid that settle out due to gravity (example: sand and water)

Organ system

Such as the circulatory system or nervous system, consists of several organs that cooperate in a specific function.

Octet rule

Tendency of atoms to prefer eight electrons in their outer shells

What happens the farther you go down the period table?

The elements get more radioactive.

Community

The entire array of organisms in an ecosystem.

Chemical bonds

The interaction between atoms that bond

How did snowy owls adapt to the sub-zero weather in their environment?

Their white color helps them adapt to the snow, and they are able to adapt for protection.

Example of organ systems

The organs of the nervous system are the the brain, the spinal cords, and the nerves.

Biology

The study of life

Energy processing

The use of chemical energy to power an organism's activities and chemical reactions

When water is in a solid form (ice):

They are many bonds

What have the eye-lids of the snowy owls helped them adapt to?

They are nocturnal but have to hunt during the day in the summer. Their eye-lids protect them from the sun.

Why can owls turn their heads so much?

They cannot move their eyes so they have adapted.

Why are hydrogen weaker bonds weaker than ionic and covalent ones?

They take less energy to break

How are cations and anions attracted to each other?

Through electrostatic attraction

Why do atoms bond?

To minimize energy and become more stable.

Mixtures

Two or more substances; do not undergo a chemical reactions; any combination of solids, liquid, and gasses

homogeneous mixture

same/uniformly distributed

What are the weakest bonds?

Van Der Waals Interactions

Growth and Development

We can inherit some traits based off of our DNA, like the pattern of growth.

Octet

When elements have eight electrons in their outer shell

Mettaloids

an element that has both metal and non metal properties; semiconductors; Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Tellurium (Te), Polonium (Po)

CHNOPS stands for....

atoms of life-Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Phosporus (P), Sulfur (S), and Surenium (Se)

How are elements arranged on the periodic table?

by atomic number (ascending)

heterogeneous mixture

differently/not uniformly distributed

Bohr model

model of the atom in which electrons move rapidly around the nucleus in paths called orbits

Lewis diagrams

models of the atom that show only the valence electrons

Noble gasses

non-metals, group 18, the most non-reactive elements, 8 valence electrons

examples of heterogeneous mixtures

oil and water; cereal and milk; salad

electrostatic attraction

the attraction between positive and negative charges

Atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom