Biology DMD Unit

Nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Diploid cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.

Gamate Cells

A haploid cell. (also known as sex cells - sperm & egg)

BMD (Becker Muscular Dystrophy)

A less severe form of DMD

Gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

peptide bond

Bonds that connect amino acids.

Amino acid

Building blocks of protein

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

DMD (Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy)

Children or occasionally born with a disease causing skeletal muscle degeneration resulting in progressive muscle weaknesses and Deterioration

Ribosome

Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.

Germline mutation

DNA alteration occurring in gametes that can be transmitted to offspring

Base pairs of RNA and DNA

DNA: CG and AT RNA: CG and AU

Cause of DMD

Genetic mutation (Frameshift)

germ cells

Reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum

Mitosis

Somatic Cells undergo this in order to repair and regrow, creating two identical diploid daughter cells

tRNA (transfer RNA)

The form of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribsome to form the polypeptide chain (protein). It also has the Anti-Codon.

X chromosome

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

Calcium ion

The tears in the muscles cause calcium ions to come in activate protease, and causes non harmful protein to die.

Why can't we fix DMD genetically

You would have to go to the original mutated gene for this to be possible

Haploid cells

a cell containing only one set of chromosomes - gametes

Genetic mutation

a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule

mRNA (messenger RNA)

a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein

Somatic cells

body cells

actin and myosin

contractile proteins in muscle

Dystrophin gene

found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle & brain tissue. links sarcolemma to actin, muscle contraction causes necrosis

Point mutation

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

Anticodon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

polypeptide

long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

Creatine Kinase

muscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; elevated blood levels associated with heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies. Has ATP, and gives it off to muscles, Has ATP, and gives it off to muscles. Lots of Creatin Kinase leave the muscle, causing a lack of energy

Frameshift mutation

mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence

Chromosones

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Codon

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid