Biology DMD Unit
Nucleotide
A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
Diploid cell
A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.
Gamate Cells
A haploid cell. (also known as sex cells - sperm & egg)
BMD (Becker Muscular Dystrophy)
A less severe form of DMD
Gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
peptide bond
Bonds that connect amino acids.
Amino acid
Building blocks of protein
Meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
DMD (Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy)
Children or occasionally born with a disease causing skeletal muscle degeneration resulting in progressive muscle weaknesses and Deterioration
Ribosome
Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.
Germline mutation
DNA alteration occurring in gametes that can be transmitted to offspring
Base pairs of RNA and DNA
DNA: CG and AT RNA: CG and AU
Cause of DMD
Genetic mutation (Frameshift)
germ cells
Reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum
Mitosis
Somatic Cells undergo this in order to repair and regrow, creating two identical diploid daughter cells
tRNA (transfer RNA)
The form of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribsome to form the polypeptide chain (protein). It also has the Anti-Codon.
X chromosome
The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.
Calcium ion
The tears in the muscles cause calcium ions to come in activate protease, and causes non harmful protein to die.
Why can't we fix DMD genetically
You would have to go to the original mutated gene for this to be possible
Haploid cells
a cell containing only one set of chromosomes - gametes
Genetic mutation
a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
mRNA (messenger RNA)
a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein
Somatic cells
body cells
actin and myosin
contractile proteins in muscle
Dystrophin gene
found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle & brain tissue. links sarcolemma to actin, muscle contraction causes necrosis
Point mutation
gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed
Anticodon
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
polypeptide
long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
Creatine Kinase
muscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; elevated blood levels associated with heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies. Has ATP, and gives it off to muscles, Has ATP, and gives it off to muscles. Lots of Creatin Kinase leave the muscle, causing a lack of energy
Frameshift mutation
mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence
Chromosones
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Codon
three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid