Biology - Evolution, Reproduction, and Adaptation

Bottleneck Effect

A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population

Natural Selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Changes in physical structure, function, or behavior that allow an organism or species to survive and reproduce in a given environment.

Adaptations

A naturalist contemporary of Darwin who also conceived of evolution by natural selection

Alfred R Wallace

Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms

Artificial Selection

Who tested Lamarck's theory by cutting of mouse tails?

August Weismann

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

Clade

A taxonomic grouping that includes only a single ancestor and all of its descendants.

Clade

A diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups based on Phylogeny = _______________________________

Cladogram

Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms is known as a . . .

Cladogram

_________________________ Anatomy is the comparison of body structures and how they vary among species

Comparative

Random Mutations

DNA changes through rare mistakes as the chromosome replicates

Choose which scientist corresponds best with the statement: organisms overproduce Darwin Lamarck

Darwin

Choose which scientist corresponds best with the statement: survival of the fittest Darwin Lamarck

Darwin

Choose which scientist corresponds best with the statement: variations within populations Darwin Lamarck

Darwin

_______________________ characteristics are traits shared by the members of a group of organisms with many similarities, known as a clade. These characteristics, however, are not shared by the ancestors of clade members. This indicates that _______________________ characteristics evolve as a result of the clade's evolution.

Derived, derived

Phenomenon in which individuals with adaptive genetic traits produce more living offspring than do individuals without such traits = _____________________________________ Reproduction

Differential

Phenomenon in which individuals with adaptive genetic traits produce more living offspring than do individuals without such traits.

Differential Reproduction

Similarities in the embryonic stage of development between different species; evidence for evolution

Embryological Similarities

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

What do we call change over time? Evolution Natural Selection Natural Variation Speciation

Evolution

Phylogeny

Evolutionary history of a species

Speciation = ___________________________ of new species

Formation

Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers

Fossil Record

The ratio of a particular allele to the total of all other alleles of the same gene in a given population.

Gene Frequencies

All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time

Gene Pool

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of Chance Events rather than natural selection.

Genetic Drift

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments

Genetic Variation

Darwin believed that in order for Natural Selection to take place, a population has to have variations, some of which are heritable. When a variation makes an organism more competitive, that variation will tend to be selected. Individuals don't evolve. Instead, Natural Selection produces evolutionary change because it changes the genetic composition of entire populations through interactions between individuals and their environment. Which of the following did Darwin discuss in his theory? More than one answer may be correct. Mark all that apply. Use and disuse of structures Geometric ratio of increase Variation Struggle for existence

Geometric ratio of increase, Variation, Struggle for existence

States that Gene Frequencies shouldn't change, evolution should occur; a genetic equilibrium should be reached and maintained

Hardy-Weinberg Law

Scientific rule saying that frequencies of certain alleles in a population will remain at equilibrium.

Hardy-Weinburg Law

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. Can vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

Heritability

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a common ancestry.

Homology

What is survival of the fittest? It is where the fittest die out and therefore reproduce and pass on their genes It is where the fittest die out and therefore can't reproduce and pass on their genes It is where the fittest don't die out and therefore can't reproduce and pass on their genes It is where the fittest don't die out and therefore reproduce and pass on their genes

It is where the fittest don't die out and therefore reproduce and pass on their genes

Who was the first evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time, acquired traits were inherited?

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Who wrongly believed that use of an organ or structure would cause an increase in size, or decrease if unused?

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Who wrote the book Philosophie Zoologique?

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Choose which scientist corresponds best with the statement: acquired characteristics are inherited Darwin Lamarck

Lamarck

Choose which scientist corresponds best with the statement: use or disuse Darwin Lamarck

Lamarck

Who created the law of Use and Disuse?

Lamarck

Who would have stated "acquired traits" such as a giraffe needing a long neck so they stretch it over time Darwin Lamarck

Lamarck

If a body part were used, it got stronger If a body part were not used it got smaller, it deteriorated.

Law of Use and Disuse

if a trait is not used it will be lost - later proved false

Law of Use and Disuse

Evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period.

Microevolution

The study of heredity at the molecular level

Molecular Biology

The process in which organism with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring. Natural Selection Survival of the Fittest Common Descent Phenotype

Natural Selection

Does the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium occur in nature? Yes No

No

The place where a branch splits off from the rest of the cladogram . . .

Node

What represents an event occurence on a Cladogram?

Node

A group with significant differences from other groups

Outgroup

1

P + Q must equal:

The branching patterns of evolutionary relationships, depict ancestor and descendent relationships

Phylogenies

A group of organisms of the same species occupying a given area and interbreed is a ________________________________

Population

Fossils are . . . Preserved remains of once-living organisms Old Science teachers from the 80's Granite

Preserved remains of once-living organisms

________________________________ is the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products

Radiometric

half-life

Radiometry measures the ______________________ of an isotope

Most mutations are _________________________

Recessive

A situation where no physical barrier presents the flow of genes, but certain situations do (ie. in a very large population, an individual in the north would have a very low chance of mating with an individual in the south) _______________________ ________________ Flow

Reduced, Gene

The position of a fossil in rock layers relative to another fossil

Relative Location

the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce

Reproduction Fitness

What represents a common ancestor shared by all organisms on a Cladogram?

Root

If two populations cannot interbreed then they are __________________________ ______________________________ .

Separate, Species

Difference in phenotype between sexes, but not related to survival or reproduction Stabilizing Selection Sexual Dimorphism Sexual Selection

Sexual Dimorphism

A type of natural selection where individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to obtain mates. Stabilizing Selection Sexual Dimorphism Sexual Selection

Sexual Selection

Homologous Structure

Similiar in structure, different in function

A type of natural selection that favors intermediate/average phenotypes (non-extremes) Stabilizing Selection Sexual Dimorphism Sexual Selection

Stabilizing Selection

Biogeography

Study of past and present distribution of organisms

The Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers

The Fossil Record

What book did Darwin write? Evolution in Biology The Origin of Species The Giving Tree Discovering Argentina.

The Origin of Species

Immigration/Emigration

The movement in and out of a population that effect gene flow and allow for evolution

q

The variable in the Hardy-Weinberg Equation that represents the recessive allele

p

The variable in the Hardy-Weinburg Equation that represents the dominant allele

LaMarck's theory was incorrect because he did not know how traits were inherited & that the organism' behavior has no effect on inherited characteristics. True False

True

Lamarck believed that the gradual change of all organisms was driven by their inner "need" as they interacted with the environment. True False

True

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms True False

True

Lamarck used a giraffe to demonstrate the law of . . .

Use and Disuse

Any difference between individuals of the same species.

Variation

What do we call differences among heritable traits? Variation Adaptation Evolution Speciation

Variation

Remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.

Vestigial Structures

What separates species with Asian and Australian affinities?

Wallace Line

Direction Selection

a type of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is favored over all others

Disruptive/Diversifying selection

a type of natural selection that favors individuals at opposite extremes of the phenotypic range, common type is selected against

many new species evolve from a single ancestral species (1 splits into many) allopatric speciation sympatric speciation adaptive radiation phyletic gradualism punctuated equilibrium

adaptive radiation

Geographic isolation followed by reproductive isolation allopatric speciation sympatric speciation adaptive radiation phyletic gradualism punctuated equilibrium

allopatric speciation

A node on a cladogram represents what? a time where all organisms grew a vertebrate an event occurrence the separation of individual species

an event occurence

Founder Effect

change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population

derived characteristics

characteristics present in only one or a few species of a group

Branch (Cladogram)

clade - shows separation of individual species

Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species is known as __________________________ evolution

convergent

characteristics present in only one or a few species of a group

derived characteristics

The method of grouping organisms together according to their evolutionary history is known as ________________________________ classification

evolutionary

Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment diversity evolution adaptation fitness

fitness

2pq

frequency of heterozygous genotype

p^2

frequency of homozygous dominant genotype

q^2

frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

Isolation between populations due to physical barriers temporal isolation habitat isolation postzygotic isolation prezygotic isolation reproductive isolation geographic isolation

geographic isolation

Populations live in different habitats and are unlikely to meet temporal isolation habitat isolation postzygotic isolation prezygotic isolation reproductive isolation geographic isolation

habitat isolation

Radiometry measures the . . .

half-life of an isotope

According to Darwin/Wallace, evolution is based on natural selection. Natural selection is when a population of animals have certain ________________________ traits that aid in their survival and _________________________ in an everchanging environment. The three key aspects of natural selection are _____________________ , heritability & __________________________ reproduction.

inherited, reproduction, variation, differential

Der__ __ ed = formed or developed from something else; not original

iv

5 conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 1. No __________________________ 2. Random __________________________ 3. No selection occurs/no favorable ______________________ 4. Extremely large population ___________ 5. No ___________________ ______________ (immigration/emigration)

mutations, mating, genotypes, size, gene, flow

A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.

natural selection

(Darwin/Wallace) theory of evolution

natural selection is the mechanism, there is no perfectly adapted organism due to environmental shifts

Gene Frequency is how _________________ a particular gene occurs in the population

often

Hardy-Weinberg equation

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Species evolve by the accumulation of many small changes over a long time period; gradual allopatric speciation sympatric speciation adaptive radiation phyletic gradualism punctuated equilibrium

phyletic gradualism

When breeding is unsuccessful and the offspring are sterile/have reduced fitness or die soon after birth; the offspring are unable to breed/reproduce temporal isolation habitat isolation postzygotic isolation prezygotic isolation reproductive isolation geographic isolation

postzygotic isolation

A barrier to successful breeding that occurs before fertilization, such as differences in mating time or behavior temporal isolation habitat isolation postzygotic isolation prezygotic isolation reproductive isolation geographic isolation

prezygotic isolation

Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief surge periods of more rapid and dramatic changes allopatric speciation sympatric speciation adaptive radiation phyletic gradualism punctuated equilibrium

punctuated equilibrium

Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring temporal isolation habitat isolation postzygotic isolation prezygotic isolation reproductive isolation geographic isolation

reproductive isolation

Analogous Structures are . . . Different in ____________________________ and Similar in ___________________________

structure, function

Reproduction Fitness = the ability of an organism to _____________________ and __________________________

survive, reproduce

Reproductive isolation occurs, but no geographic barrier is present (usually occurs with plants) allopatric speciation sympatric speciation adaptive radiation phyletic gradualism punctuated equilibrium

sympatric speciation

Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times temporal isolation habitat isolation postzygotic isolation prezygotic isolation reproductive isolation geographic isolation

temporal isolation

Lamarck's ideas about evolution include the concept that differences among the traits of organisms arise as a result of continual increases in population size the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures an unchanging local environment the natural variations already present within the population of organisms

the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures