Biology - Evolution, Reproduction, and Adaptation
Bottleneck Effect
A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population
Natural Selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Changes in physical structure, function, or behavior that allow an organism or species to survive and reproduce in a given environment.
Adaptations
A naturalist contemporary of Darwin who also conceived of evolution by natural selection
Alfred R Wallace
Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms
Artificial Selection
Who tested Lamarck's theory by cutting of mouse tails?
August Weismann
A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
Clade
A taxonomic grouping that includes only a single ancestor and all of its descendants.
Clade
A diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups based on Phylogeny = _______________________________
Cladogram
Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms is known as a . . .
Cladogram
_________________________ Anatomy is the comparison of body structures and how they vary among species
Comparative
Random Mutations
DNA changes through rare mistakes as the chromosome replicates
Choose which scientist corresponds best with the statement: organisms overproduce Darwin Lamarck
Darwin
Choose which scientist corresponds best with the statement: survival of the fittest Darwin Lamarck
Darwin
Choose which scientist corresponds best with the statement: variations within populations Darwin Lamarck
Darwin
_______________________ characteristics are traits shared by the members of a group of organisms with many similarities, known as a clade. These characteristics, however, are not shared by the ancestors of clade members. This indicates that _______________________ characteristics evolve as a result of the clade's evolution.
Derived, derived
Phenomenon in which individuals with adaptive genetic traits produce more living offspring than do individuals without such traits = _____________________________________ Reproduction
Differential
Phenomenon in which individuals with adaptive genetic traits produce more living offspring than do individuals without such traits.
Differential Reproduction
Similarities in the embryonic stage of development between different species; evidence for evolution
Embryological Similarities
Charles Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
What do we call change over time? Evolution Natural Selection Natural Variation Speciation
Evolution
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species
Speciation = ___________________________ of new species
Formation
Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers
Fossil Record
The ratio of a particular allele to the total of all other alleles of the same gene in a given population.
Gene Frequencies
All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time
Gene Pool
A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of Chance Events rather than natural selection.
Genetic Drift
Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments
Genetic Variation
Darwin believed that in order for Natural Selection to take place, a population has to have variations, some of which are heritable. When a variation makes an organism more competitive, that variation will tend to be selected. Individuals don't evolve. Instead, Natural Selection produces evolutionary change because it changes the genetic composition of entire populations through interactions between individuals and their environment. Which of the following did Darwin discuss in his theory? More than one answer may be correct. Mark all that apply. Use and disuse of structures Geometric ratio of increase Variation Struggle for existence
Geometric ratio of increase, Variation, Struggle for existence
States that Gene Frequencies shouldn't change, evolution should occur; a genetic equilibrium should be reached and maintained
Hardy-Weinberg Law
Scientific rule saying that frequencies of certain alleles in a population will remain at equilibrium.
Hardy-Weinburg Law
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. Can vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
Heritability
Similarity in characteristics resulting from a common ancestry.
Homology
What is survival of the fittest? It is where the fittest die out and therefore reproduce and pass on their genes It is where the fittest die out and therefore can't reproduce and pass on their genes It is where the fittest don't die out and therefore can't reproduce and pass on their genes It is where the fittest don't die out and therefore reproduce and pass on their genes
It is where the fittest don't die out and therefore reproduce and pass on their genes
Who was the first evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time, acquired traits were inherited?
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
Who wrongly believed that use of an organ or structure would cause an increase in size, or decrease if unused?
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
Who wrote the book Philosophie Zoologique?
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
Choose which scientist corresponds best with the statement: acquired characteristics are inherited Darwin Lamarck
Lamarck
Choose which scientist corresponds best with the statement: use or disuse Darwin Lamarck
Lamarck
Who created the law of Use and Disuse?
Lamarck
Who would have stated "acquired traits" such as a giraffe needing a long neck so they stretch it over time Darwin Lamarck
Lamarck
If a body part were used, it got stronger If a body part were not used it got smaller, it deteriorated.
Law of Use and Disuse
if a trait is not used it will be lost - later proved false
Law of Use and Disuse
Evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period.
Microevolution
The study of heredity at the molecular level
Molecular Biology
The process in which organism with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring. Natural Selection Survival of the Fittest Common Descent Phenotype
Natural Selection
Does the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium occur in nature? Yes No
No
The place where a branch splits off from the rest of the cladogram . . .
Node
What represents an event occurence on a Cladogram?
Node
A group with significant differences from other groups
Outgroup
1
P + Q must equal:
The branching patterns of evolutionary relationships, depict ancestor and descendent relationships
Phylogenies
A group of organisms of the same species occupying a given area and interbreed is a ________________________________
Population
Fossils are . . . Preserved remains of once-living organisms Old Science teachers from the 80's Granite
Preserved remains of once-living organisms
________________________________ is the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products
Radiometric
half-life
Radiometry measures the ______________________ of an isotope
Most mutations are _________________________
Recessive
A situation where no physical barrier presents the flow of genes, but certain situations do (ie. in a very large population, an individual in the north would have a very low chance of mating with an individual in the south) _______________________ ________________ Flow
Reduced, Gene
The position of a fossil in rock layers relative to another fossil
Relative Location
the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce
Reproduction Fitness
What represents a common ancestor shared by all organisms on a Cladogram?
Root
If two populations cannot interbreed then they are __________________________ ______________________________ .
Separate, Species
Difference in phenotype between sexes, but not related to survival or reproduction Stabilizing Selection Sexual Dimorphism Sexual Selection
Sexual Dimorphism
A type of natural selection where individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to obtain mates. Stabilizing Selection Sexual Dimorphism Sexual Selection
Sexual Selection
Homologous Structure
Similiar in structure, different in function
A type of natural selection that favors intermediate/average phenotypes (non-extremes) Stabilizing Selection Sexual Dimorphism Sexual Selection
Stabilizing Selection
Biogeography
Study of past and present distribution of organisms
The Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers
The Fossil Record
What book did Darwin write? Evolution in Biology The Origin of Species The Giving Tree Discovering Argentina.
The Origin of Species
Immigration/Emigration
The movement in and out of a population that effect gene flow and allow for evolution
q
The variable in the Hardy-Weinberg Equation that represents the recessive allele
p
The variable in the Hardy-Weinburg Equation that represents the dominant allele
LaMarck's theory was incorrect because he did not know how traits were inherited & that the organism' behavior has no effect on inherited characteristics. True False
True
Lamarck believed that the gradual change of all organisms was driven by their inner "need" as they interacted with the environment. True False
True
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms True False
True
Lamarck used a giraffe to demonstrate the law of . . .
Use and Disuse
Any difference between individuals of the same species.
Variation
What do we call differences among heritable traits? Variation Adaptation Evolution Speciation
Variation
Remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.
Vestigial Structures
What separates species with Asian and Australian affinities?
Wallace Line
Direction Selection
a type of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is favored over all others
Disruptive/Diversifying selection
a type of natural selection that favors individuals at opposite extremes of the phenotypic range, common type is selected against
many new species evolve from a single ancestral species (1 splits into many) allopatric speciation sympatric speciation adaptive radiation phyletic gradualism punctuated equilibrium
adaptive radiation
Geographic isolation followed by reproductive isolation allopatric speciation sympatric speciation adaptive radiation phyletic gradualism punctuated equilibrium
allopatric speciation
A node on a cladogram represents what? a time where all organisms grew a vertebrate an event occurrence the separation of individual species
an event occurence
Founder Effect
change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
derived characteristics
characteristics present in only one or a few species of a group
Branch (Cladogram)
clade - shows separation of individual species
Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species is known as __________________________ evolution
convergent
characteristics present in only one or a few species of a group
derived characteristics
The method of grouping organisms together according to their evolutionary history is known as ________________________________ classification
evolutionary
Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment diversity evolution adaptation fitness
fitness
2pq
frequency of heterozygous genotype
p^2
frequency of homozygous dominant genotype
q^2
frequency of homozygous recessive genotype
Isolation between populations due to physical barriers temporal isolation habitat isolation postzygotic isolation prezygotic isolation reproductive isolation geographic isolation
geographic isolation
Populations live in different habitats and are unlikely to meet temporal isolation habitat isolation postzygotic isolation prezygotic isolation reproductive isolation geographic isolation
habitat isolation
Radiometry measures the . . .
half-life of an isotope
According to Darwin/Wallace, evolution is based on natural selection. Natural selection is when a population of animals have certain ________________________ traits that aid in their survival and _________________________ in an everchanging environment. The three key aspects of natural selection are _____________________ , heritability & __________________________ reproduction.
inherited, reproduction, variation, differential
Der__ __ ed = formed or developed from something else; not original
iv
5 conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 1. No __________________________ 2. Random __________________________ 3. No selection occurs/no favorable ______________________ 4. Extremely large population ___________ 5. No ___________________ ______________ (immigration/emigration)
mutations, mating, genotypes, size, gene, flow
A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.
natural selection
(Darwin/Wallace) theory of evolution
natural selection is the mechanism, there is no perfectly adapted organism due to environmental shifts
Gene Frequency is how _________________ a particular gene occurs in the population
often
Hardy-Weinberg equation
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
Species evolve by the accumulation of many small changes over a long time period; gradual allopatric speciation sympatric speciation adaptive radiation phyletic gradualism punctuated equilibrium
phyletic gradualism
When breeding is unsuccessful and the offspring are sterile/have reduced fitness or die soon after birth; the offspring are unable to breed/reproduce temporal isolation habitat isolation postzygotic isolation prezygotic isolation reproductive isolation geographic isolation
postzygotic isolation
A barrier to successful breeding that occurs before fertilization, such as differences in mating time or behavior temporal isolation habitat isolation postzygotic isolation prezygotic isolation reproductive isolation geographic isolation
prezygotic isolation
Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief surge periods of more rapid and dramatic changes allopatric speciation sympatric speciation adaptive radiation phyletic gradualism punctuated equilibrium
punctuated equilibrium
Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring temporal isolation habitat isolation postzygotic isolation prezygotic isolation reproductive isolation geographic isolation
reproductive isolation
Analogous Structures are . . . Different in ____________________________ and Similar in ___________________________
structure, function
Reproduction Fitness = the ability of an organism to _____________________ and __________________________
survive, reproduce
Reproductive isolation occurs, but no geographic barrier is present (usually occurs with plants) allopatric speciation sympatric speciation adaptive radiation phyletic gradualism punctuated equilibrium
sympatric speciation
Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times temporal isolation habitat isolation postzygotic isolation prezygotic isolation reproductive isolation geographic isolation
temporal isolation
Lamarck's ideas about evolution include the concept that differences among the traits of organisms arise as a result of continual increases in population size the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures an unchanging local environment the natural variations already present within the population of organisms
the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures