Biology Exam 1 Ch.19

>________ are even simpler/smaller biological entities. -_________ are small fragments of ssRNA (either linear or circular) with no protein coat.

viroids...viroids

___________________is a complex of structural polysaccharides cross-linked by peptides

Peptidoglycan

Many eukaryotes form a __________relationship with prokaryotes and relay on each other for an exchange some commodity (see fig 19-9).

symbiotic

However, in a heterogeneous environment mobile bacteria demonstrate a behavior known as ________.

taxis_

______are hair-like structures on the surface of certain bacteria that aid in attachment.

-pili

• How are members of the Bacteria and Achaea different from each other? • How to scientists classify these domains (or group clades)? • What are the shapes? • Define flagellum, biofilm, endospore, chemophile, thermophile. Halophile, facultativily anerobic, binary fission, plasmid, conjugation, pilus, mututalistic bacteria, pathogenic • Name some of the good, the bad, and the ugly prokaryotes

.....

Prokaryotes range in size from ______-______ micrometers in diameter (see fig 19-10). How big (or small) is a micrometer? 1/1,000,000 of a meter. But just how small is that? The thickness of a dime is about 1 millimeter (1000 micrometers).

0.2-1.0

Life on Earth was solely prokaryotic for the first ____________.

1.5 billion years

The prokaryotic domains (Bacteria and Archaea) were the first organisms and arose on earth (about ___________ ago).

3.5 billion years

While only about 5000 prokaryotic species have been described, there may be as many ___________________

500,000- 5,000,000

___________ - movement toward (food) or away from (toxic substance) a chemical stimulus.

Chemotaxis

3 main types of taxis in prokaryotes:

Chemotaxis, Phototaxis, Magnetotaxis

Viruses attack particular cell types _____ viruses; respiratory cells _______- nerve cells ________- depends on type _____- white blood cells

Cold... rabies...herpes...HIV

_______________ - movement toward or away from the Earth's magnetic field.

Magnetotaxis

Some diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria are: (4)

Gonorrhea Syphilis Tuberculosis Lyme disease

_____________ (_salt loving_) that inhabit the extremely salty Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake.

Halophiles

realms of the Archaea. Some examples include:

Halophiles & Thermophiles

• _______________: organisms that live in close association with each other and both benefit from each other.

Mutualistic

Because viruses require a host to survive they're _____ alive

NOT

• _____________: close association of 2 species 1 species benefits at the expense of the. Often a small organism lives inside the larger one.

Parasites

____________ - movement toward or away from ___light____.

Phototaxis

________ are unusual infectious particles; are protein particles with NO GENETIC MATERIAL.

Prions

• ________________- organisms are decomposers. Most heterotrophic prokaryotes fall in this category. AKA: Nature's recyclers

Saprotrophic

• Bacteria break down cellulose.. termites..

Spirotrophic (spelled wrong)

_____________ (_heat loving_), including thermoacidophiles, which live in acidic hot springs or in the hot (105o C) water surrounding deep-sea volcanic vents.

Thermophiles

There are groups of biological entities that are even smaller than prokaryotes.These groups are; _______,_________,_______

VIRUSES, VIROIDS, AND PRIONS

Prokaryotes with flagella exhibit either very ________movement or ________ movement when in a uniform environment.

little or random

How to identify clades of prokaryotes?

____shape________ ____locomotion______ Pigments Nutrients required Staining properties

The anchor of the bacterial flagellum is an "axle-and-wheel" arrangement which allows the flagellum to rotate like a _______________.

_propeller

occur with oxygen? occur without oxygen?

aerobic... anerobic

• Prokaryote- important for __________nutrition

animal

Because of the widespread use (and misuse) of antibiotics, some pathogenic bacteria have developed ______________________.

antibiotic resistance

Viruses ______ organisms, because they don't have all the requirements for being alive. They are however _______ from organisms.

are not .... derived

• Even bacteria are susceptible to viral infection from ________________.

bacteriophage

Reproduction in prokaryotes is asexual in the form of ______________ (See fig 19-7).

binary fission

flagella (singular flagellum) are filaments that extend from the membrane of a cell and are used for __________________.

cellular locomotion_

About half the bacterial species are capable of motion using rotating ____________ (See 19-2a).

flagella

-_____________ is the transfer of genetic information (a plasmid) between two prokaryotes via a special sex pilus. (See fig 19-8)

conjugation

Other autotrophic prokaryotics, like _____________, obtain their energy from sunlight via ______________ (see fig 19-6).

cyanobacteria....photosynthesis

Prokaryotes have evolved to live in _almost every possible _____________ found on Earth including some very extreme conditions.

e environmental condition_

Some prokaryotes, especially the bacilli, can form a protective _______ in response to harsh environmental conditions.

endospore_

_____________ are protective "resting" structures in which the bacterial chromosome is surrounded by a durable wall. (See fig 19-4)

endospores

Some viruses also have an __________a membrane (phospholipid bilayer) that surrounds the capsid

envelope

Viruses These particles all have two parts: ________ - the genetic information can be either DNA or RNA (ds or ss) , linear or circular ________- a protein coat that surrounds and protects the genome

genome... caspid

The peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria can be stained by a specific stain known as a _____________ (named for Hans Christian Gram, a Danish physician)

gram stain

Compared with gram-positive bacteria, _________ bacteria __are more resistant against ___________, despite their thinner peptidoglycan layer, because of their additional, relatively impermeable cell wall.

gram-negative bacteria ___antibiotics

There are also ______________ prokaryotes that must have an organic food source for either their energy or their carbon source.

heterotrophic

The entire function of a virus is to take control of a _________ to produce more virus particles. A biological hijacking. The genetic material of the virus "___________" the host cell to make more viruses

host cell....reprograms

Most prions have been linked to degenerative diseases of nervous tissue especially the brain. Include in these prion diseases are kuru or Creuztzfeldt-Jakob disease and more recently "___________________" Discovered from a tribe in newguinne - kuru

mad cow disease

The wrongly folded protein seems to cause other copies of the protein to covert from the correct folding pattern into the incorrect form. As the bad copies accumulate, they result in physical changes in the tissue.

mad cow disease

While the range of conditions that the domains bacteria and archaea can live in is large, the conditions a single species requires ___________________.

may be very specific.

The prion is an improperly folded version of a _____________(see fig 19-14).

natural protein

Most bacteria are harmless or even beneficial to humans, however some are ________________.

pathogenic (cause disease)

One main distinction between the Bacteria and the Archaea is that the cell walls of Bacteria contain __________________ (Archaea do not)

peptidoglycan

Like a virus, a viroid takes over the cell it infects. Viroids are ______________ that can infect citrus, potatoes, and other crop species.

plant pathogens

-_______ is a small double-stranded ring of DNA that carries extrachromosomal genes in some prokaryotes.

plasmid

In terms of abundance, ________ rule as Earth's predominant form of life.

prokaryotes

Even common bacteria can be harmful (___________________) 76 million cases of food borne illness each year)

strep, Escherichia coli- infection from contaminated beef;

A slime layer surrounds the cell walls of some prokaryotes and functions to attach_______________ to a surface and may also act as ____________________ (see fig 19-3).

the prokaryote.... protective covering

Did you know that you are home to ______________ of prokaryotes??

trillions

Another way that bacteria attach themselves to a surface (ex., a host-cell or another bacterium) via _______

via pili (singular pilus).

The cell wall of a bacteria gives it the different types of characteristic shapes (See fig. 19-1) (3 shapes... are?)

• Coccus • Bacillus • Spirilum