Biology Exam 4
Behavior
Which of the following levels of analysis is not typically used to measure biodiversity? Genetic Species Behavior Ecosystem
desert
Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall? temperate broadleaf forest coniferous forest desert temperate grassland tropical rain forest
secondary
____________ consumers eat the primary consumers and are a carnivore
temperate grassland
_______________________ includes grasses such as seen on the N. American prairie.
eutrophication
_______________________ is the process by which elevated nutrient levels lead to an overgrowth of algae and the subsequent depletion of water oxygen levels.
extinct
_____________________species is a species that no longer has any living members.
omnivores
_________________organisms that eat both plants and animals
habitat
________________loss is the most important cause for declines in biodiversity.
ecosystems
_______________ecology is concerned with the movement of energy and materials through organisms and their communities and through their physical environment
benthic
______________organisms (clam, starfish) live on the bottom of the ocean.
density -dependent
(Density -dependent / density -independent ) factor is a mortality factor whose influence increases with the density of the population?
II
What type of survivorship curve would the following animals have? Squirrels _________________
heat
NPP represents the total amount of chemical potential energy that is stored in organic material ( biomass) Of the gross primary productivity, energy goes to cell respiration and ______ loss, so only the net primary productivity goes into biomass.
blue fin tuba
Name a species that has been harmed by overexploitation by overfishing or overhunting_____________
fossil fuels, atmospheric reservoir, volcanic eruptions
Name abiotic processes that transfer carbon _______________________________________________
embryos and young are harmed
Name an effect of acid rain on organisms and on the environment?
nutria rat
Name an invasive species in Louisiana______________
decomposition
Name biotic process that allows nitrogen from dead organisms to return to soil ____________________
global warming
_____________ ________________ refers to the increase in the average temperature of the planet
ecosystem
_____________ includes both the biotic community of organisms in an area and the abiotic environment affecting that community
primary
_____________ producers are the organisms that use photosynthesis to harvest light and store that energy in energy rich carbon compounds such as sugar.
invasive
_____________ species are those species moved by humans from a native location to another location and they grow to large population size and disrupt native species.
biological magnification
______________ _____________ is the tendency of certain chemicals to concentrate in higher trophic levels in food chains.
constitutive
______________ defenses are present even if predators are not around
genetic
______________ diversity consists of the amount of genetic variation that occurs within and between populations.
estuary
______________ is biome that occurs where a freshwater river merges with the ocean.
biodiversity
________________ includes the genetic diversity of species, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
competition
_________________ is an interaction that affects both species negatively as both species compete over food and other resources. (- / - ) An example is birds competing for the fruit in a tree.
parasitism
___________________ lichen
herbivory
___________________ zooplankton eating phytoplankton
B
Based on the diagrams in the figure above and on the large population of baby boomers in the United States, which graph best reflects U.S. population in twenty years? A B C D
climate change
_____________ ______________ refers to the sum of all the changes in local temperature and precipitation patterns that result from global warming such as storms and droughts.
keystone
______________ species is a species within a community that have a role out of proportion to their abundance or biomass. Ex: beaver builds a dam in a river which alters the habitat for many other organisms.
secondary
______________ succession refers to succession on a site that has already supported life but has undergone a disturbance ( on land has soil)
heterotrophs
_______________ (consumers) are organisms that receive their nutrition by consuming other organisms.
ecological succession
_______________ _________________ is the gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure over time.
pollution
_______________ are chemicals released into the environment that pose direct and indirect threats to species. These include: industrial pollutants, drug pollutants, pesticides and herbicides, excess N and P due to runoff, garbage
species
_______________ diversity is the number and relative abundance of species in a community.
organism
_______________ ecology focuses on an organism's physiology and behavior
range
_______________ is the geographic distribution of a species
primary
_______________ succession refers to succession on a newly exposed site that has no life (on land with no soil)
overexploitation
_______________ such as too much hunting and fishing has led to the loss of some species.
inducible
________________ defenses are only present if predators are around
population
________________ ecology is the study of a population in terms of what factors affect population size and how these factors change over space and time.
secondary
________________ forest land that has burnt down due to fire
primary
________________ ground produced by volcanic eruption
detritivores
________________ organisms that eat dead remains of organism along with waste products ( detritus)
carnivores
________________ organisms that eat meat
herbivores
________________ organisms that eat plants
resource partitioning
_________________ ____________________ describes the differentiation of niches, both in time and space that enables similar species to coexist in a community.
conservation
_________________ biology uses principles and knowledge from molecular biology, genetics and ecology to protect the biological diversity of life at each of the 3 levels ( genetic, species, ecosystems)
secondary
_________________ cleared farmland
intraspecific
_________________ competition occurs between individuals of the same species
community
_________________ is all the populations that live in the same place at the same time.
interspecific
__________________ competition occurs between individuals of different species.
ecosystem
__________________ diversity is the number of different ecosystems in a specified area.
ecosystem
__________________ ecology deals with the flow of energy and cycling of chemical elements among organisms within a community and between organisms and their environment that includes trophic levels.
community
__________________ ecology is the study of how groups of species interact and form functional communities.
ecological
__________________ footprint is an estimate of the amount of land required to provide the raw materials an individual or a nation consumes, including food, fuel, water, housing, and waste disposal.
tundra
__________________ found in the Arctic is the northern limit of plant growth. It is partly covered by permafrost (continuously frozen subsoil). Vegetation includes dwarf shrubs, grasses, mosses, and lichens.
parasitism
__________________ occurs when a parasite consumes relatively small amounts of tissue or nutrients from another individual called the host.
predation
__________________ occurs when a predator kills and consumes all or most of another individual called prey
commensalism
___________________ a cattle egret follows a cow to eat the insects kicked up by the cow
predation
___________________ a squid eats a fish
parasitism
___________________ a tapeworm lives in the intestines of a dog
parasitism
___________________ a tick sucks blood from a cat's neck
commensalism
___________________ clown fish in a sea anemone
detritivores
___________________ eat detritus, the remains of dead animals and plants and their wastes.
coniferous forest
___________________ include cone-bearing evergreen trees with a cold winter and a summer that allows growth.
commensalism
___________________ is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits but the other species is unaffected ( + / _). An example is an antbird following army ants . The antbird picks up prey that fly or jump up out of the way of the ants.
detritus
___________________ is plant leaves, animal excretions, dead bodies that will then be decomposed.
mutualism
___________________ mycorrhizae
herbivory
___________________ occurs when plant eaters consume plant tissues.
endangered
___________________ species is a species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of their range
predation
___________________ tiger eats a gazelle
mutualism
____________________ are + /+ interactions
savanna
____________________ are grasslands with scattered trees with a warm temperature year round and rain average from 30-50 cm a year.
community
____________________ ecology studies how populations of species interact and form functional communities.
groundwater
____________________ is water found underground.
dessert
_____________________ are the driest of all with low rainfall and they may be hot or cold deserts.
decomposers
_____________________ break down dead organisms from all trophic levels and convert them to inorganic minerals. Decomposers include some bacteria and some fungi.
chaparral
_____________________ have many spiny shrubs with tough evergreen leaves. It has mild rainy winters and hot dry summers and gets moisture circulating on to land from sea
consumption
_____________________ is a + / - interaction that occurs when one organism eats another. It includes: herbivory, parasitism, and predation.
climate change
_____________________ is the acceleration of global climate change due to the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and other processes
threatened
_____________________ species is a species that is likely to become endangered in the future.
endemic
_____________________ species is found only in a particular place or region and nowhere else.
scavenger-gatherer-hunter
_____________________ stage when people scavenged for food like berries and nuts, gathered food and hunted animals. There was little rise in human population at this stage
temperate deciduous forests
______________________ have broadleaf trees and many that lose their leaves in the winter. There are 4 seasons & climate is temperate with sufficient water to support trees
fast
whereas tropical rain forests are hot, so the rate of decomposition is ____________.
eggshells were cracking and babies weren't being made
What happened to some bird eggs in the United States after DDT had been used for a long time? _____________________________________________________________________________
burning of fossil fuels, industrially produced fertilizers, cultivation of crops and harbor nitrogen-fixing bacteria
What human activities contribute to the nitrogen fixation? (p1160) ___________________________________________________________________________________
resources tend to be clustered in nature. Social behavior may promote this pattern
What is another reason for clumping to be most common as relates to social behavior? __________________________
clumping, organisms associate in social group
(Clumping / Random / uniform ) dispersion pattern is most common, Why? ( hint resources) _____________________________________________________
density -independent
(Density -dependent / density -independent ) factor is a mortality factor whose influence is not affected by population size or density.
volcanic
(Note on land there is also the problem of acid rain. The gas hydrogen sulfide is released by ________ eruptions, decomposition and burning fossil fuels.
adds
Decomposition ___________carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
fertilizes the plant
How do fungi help the tree? _______________________________________
batesian
It is called ( Mullerian / Batesian ) mimicry if a harmful species looked like a harmful species ( has a toxin).
mullerian
It is called ( Mullerian / Batesian ) mimicry if a harmful species looked like another harmful species
energy, one
Life needs a constant input of _______________ and this flow of energy through the ecosystem is __________ -way.
towards
Most scientists expect a shift of zones ( towards / away from) the poles.
russia and canada
Name a country that has a large area of boreal ( coniferous) forest? ________________
photosynthesis
Producers need light to do ____________________, the process of making food from carbon dioxide and water.
defense armor
Protective shells of a turtel
food, oxygen
The photosynthetic phytoplankton are important as they provide _______ and ______.
false
True /false Most species limit their eating to one type of food.
1
What % of sunlight do plants capture in photosynthesis? ____________
20-25 degrees celcius
What is the average temperature range that qualifies as a hot desert? ___________________
Precipitation is greatest in the spring and summer.
What is the best description of the pattern of precipitation shown by this graph? Precipitation is greatest in the winter and spring. Precipitation is greatest in the spring and summer. Precipitation is greatest in the summer and fall. Precipitation is greatest in the fall and winter.
temperate deciduous forest
What is the biome in which we live? ____________________________________________
overexploitation
What is the dominant conservation problem faced by marine species? overexploitation pollution invasive species (introduced competitors, diseases, or predators) habitat destruction
The upper and lower intertidal zones
What is the fundamental niche of Chthamalus? The upper and lower intertidal zones The mean tide level The upper intertidal zone The lower intertidal zone
protect an entire area from exploitation
What is the most effective way to preserve species diversity? protect an entire area from exploitation genetic restoration wildlife corridors seed banks
tropical rainforest
What is the most productive terrestrial biome? ____________________________________
50
What is the population of hares at time 0? ____________________ hares per km2
3,000
What is the population of hares at time 10 years? ____________________ hares per km2
7
What is the population of lynx at time 0? ____________________ lynx per 100km2
12
What is the population of lynx at time 10 years? ____________________ lynx per 100km2
There are energy constraints.
What is the primary limiting factor that determines why no female animal can produce a very large number of very large eggs? There are energy constraints. Male availability is limited. Time is limited. Temperature constraints will prevent females from carrying too many eggs. There will be an increase in predation pressure if the females carry too many large eggs.
biosphere
What level would an ecologist be studying if the focus of his/her study was : Global warming? ______________
ecosystem
What level would an ecologist be studying if the focus of his/her study was : Nitrogen cycle in a tropical forest? ______________________
organism
What level would an ecologist be studying if the focus of his/her study was : Study of an individual gorilla's ability to learn language?____________________
I
What type of survivorship curve would the following animals have? elephants _____________
III
What type of survivorship curve would the following animals have? fish__________________
III
What type of survivorship curve would the following animals have? flies_______________
II
What type of survivorship curve would the following animals have? lizards___________
the deer population would decrease
What would you predict if wolves were reintroduced to that ecosystem?________________________
secondary consumer
When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____. producer tertiary consumer primary consumer secondary consumer detritivore
how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance
When biologists refer to community stability, resilience is a measure of _____. how community members work together (cohesion) to maintain stability how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance how many members of a community there are total how many members of a community succumb to a disease, blight, or parasite
washington state
Where is there a temperate rainforest in the continental United States? _________________
Sedimentary rock.
Which area is not one of the three major reservoirs of the global carbon cycle? Sedimentary rock. Atmosphere. Terrestrial ecosystems. Oceans.
primary
________________ bare rock that remains as a glacier retreats
herbivory
___________________ giraffe eats tree leaves
emigration
if individuals migrate out of a population , it is called ________________.
secondary consumer
lizard = ______________
true
true/false Biodiversity is higher on land than in the sea.
rise
Global climate change is melting ices caps leading to a ( rise / lowering) of sea level.
deforestation
Cutting down forested areas is called ____________________
S
Is this a J or S shaped growth curve? __
commensalism
One species benefits but the other species is not affected +/0
primary consumer
caterpillar = __________________
mutualism
2 species interact in a way that confers fitness benefits to both +/+
salt
97.5% of the earth's water is __________ water of the oceans.
population
A __________ is a group of interbreeding individuals occupying the same area at the same time.
niche
A ___________ is the role that species play in an ecosystem.
primary consumer
A cow eating grass is an example of a _____. secondary consumer producer tertiary consumer primary consumer detritivore
gas
A greenhouse __________ traps heat that has been radiated from earth and keeps it from being lost to space.
tertiary consumer
A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____. secondary consumer producer tertiary consumer primary consumer detritivore
I and II only
A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics? I) inhabiting the same general area II) belonging to the same species III) possessing a constant and uniform density and dispersion I only III only I and II only II and III only I, II, and III
deforestation increases the rate of nutrient loss from ecosystems
A study conducted at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest watershed areas provided experimental evidence that _____. water levels become higher and more easily maintained as the number of nearby trees increases contamination in nearby areas passes into watersheds deforestation increases the rate of nutrient loss from ecosystems forest productivity is a function of number of trees and diversity of species present
B, A, D, C, F, E, G, H
A) Management plans for invasive species B) Seed banks C) Ex situ conservation ( preservation of species that are extinct in the wild )and reintroduction ex: Pere David's deer D) Genetic restoration by introducing individuals from outside who can bring in different genes to a threatened population. Note this promotes gene flow. E) Wildlife corridors promote gene flow between isolated populations of a species by connecting them through wildlife corridors. F) Designing effective Protected Areas is the most effective strategy to preserve biodiversity. It is best to protect entire areas of land and sea from exploitation in the first place. G) Ecosystem restoration such as reforestation H) Quantify Ecosystem services to make explicit that long term human prosperity depends on the preservation of these services Ex: ecotourism - recreational visits to their wild places Identify the following examples as one of the listed strategies. (you can use the letter) _____1. Storing seeds from a backyard garden grown in New Orleans _____2. Ships release ballast water out at sea rather than in port to avoid bringing in nonnative species _____3. Introduction of Texas pumas into Florida to promote gene flow to the Texas pumas _____4. Keeping a healthy population of Przewalski's horses at a zoo even though none live in the wild _____5. Creation of a nature area that must not be developed and is left natural. _____6. Connecting smaller habitats together though a land connection. _____7. Reforestation _____8. Calculating the value to a country for ecotourism
food
A___________ chain consists of a primary producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer and so on. The food chain is limited by the energy available to the top level.
alteration or destruction of the physical habitat
According to most conservation biologists, the single greatest threat to global biodiversity is _____. overexploitation of certain species stratospheric ozone depletion chemical pollution of water and air alteration or destruction of the physical habitat
niche
According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____. range territory niche biome habitat
green house
Accumulation of these gases in the atmosphere creates the____________________ effect whereby more greenhouse gases are held in the atmosphere of the earth causing global warming.
algae, oxygen
Algal blooms are times when there is an overgrowth of ____________. When this algae dies, they sink to the bottom for decomposition which requires the gas __________.
the rate of extinction is higher than background extinction rates
Although extinction is a natural process, current extinctions are of concern to environmentalists because _____. the rate of extinction is higher than background extinction rates more animals than ever before are going extinct current extinction is primarily affecting plant diversity most current extinctions are caused by introduced species
detritivore
An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____. detritivore producer secondary consumer tertiary consumer primary consumer
density
An ecologist recorded twelve white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square kilometer in one woodlot and twenty per square kilometer in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing? range carrying capacity density dispersion cohorts
populations dominated by juveniles should experience rapid growth
An example of an age-structure influence on human population size is that _____. populations dominated by juveniles are more likely to go extinct populations with equal numbers in each age class grow fastest populations with equal numbers in each age class are more likely to go extinct populations dominated by juveniles should experience rapid growth
only a small fraction of the species on Earth.
Approximately how many species have we described out of the species alive today? We have described _____. only a small fraction of the species on Earth. about half of the species on Earth. about one-quarter of the species on Earth. almost all of the species on Earth. about one-eighth of the species on Earth.
no
Are all deserts hot in the daytime? ______________
The growth rate will approach zero.
As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation? The population will show an Allee effect. The carrying capacity of the environment will increase. The population will increase exponentially. The growth rate will approach zero. The growth rate will not change.
heat
As energy flows through trophic levels it is not 100% efficient and some energy is lost as ___________ with each transfer.
decrease, yes
As the hare population decreases, does the lynx population increase or decrease?___________ Is there a lag?___________
increase, yes
As the hare population increases, does the lynx population increase or decrease?__________ Is there a lag ? ______________
there would be more deer because wolves wouldn't hunt the deer
Based on experiments in which wolves have been removed from anature, what would you predict would happen to a deer population if wolves are removed?_______________________________________
Clutch size decreases as female density increases.
Based on the figure above, which of the following statements correctly interprets the data? Clutch size decreases as female density increases. As female density increases, clutch size increases. As female density increases, survivorship decreases.
bees carry pollen from flower to flower
Bees and flowers how does the bee help the flower?_______________________________________
mutualism
Bees visiting flowers to harvest nectar and pollen would be considered examples of _____. commensalism competition mutualism parasitism
mutualism
Bees visiting flowers to harvest nectar and pollen would be considered examples of _____. parasitism commensalism competition mutualism
increases
Biodiversity (increases / decreases) productivity.
stability
Biodiversity leads to (stability / instability) in terms of resistance to the disruption caused by a disturbance and resilience in recovering in the face of disturbance.
It is ecosystem ecology.
Biologists study how nutrients and energy move among organisms and through water, soil, and air. Which level of ecological study is this? It is ecosystem ecology. It is community ecology. It is population ecology. It is organismal ecology.
dominant vegetation type
Biomes are major groupings of plant and animal communities that are defined by _____. altitude net primary productivity dominant vegetation type weather
slow
Boreal forests are cool, so the rate of decomposition is ____________
chemosynthesis
But in hydrothermal vents, primary producers are organisms that use chemical energy contained in inorganic compounds (eg methane, hydrogen sulfide) to make food by ______________________.
tiger snake
By knowing the interrelatedness of various snake species, the appropriate antivenom can be chosen. Based on the figure above, which snake antivenom would you administer to a person bitten by an Australian copperhead, if antivenom to the Australian copperhead were not available? tiger snake taipan common brown snake death adder red-bellied black snake
7, 10
Can we preserve biodiversity and ecosystem function What are the 2 factors that must be addressed ? human population size . What is the size today? ___________ billion What size is projected by 2050? ______________billion
reflects heat radiated from the Earth back toward the Earth the way the glass of a greenhouse reflects heat
Carbon dioxide functions as a greenhouse gas because it _____. makes tropical plants grow more rapidly than normal just like in a greenhouse (eventually) makes plants grow year-round just like in a greenhouse creates moist, humid environments similar to a greenhouse reflects heat radiated from the Earth back toward the Earth the way the glass of a greenhouse reflects heat
the maximum population size that a particular environment can support
Carrying capacity is _____. determined by density and dispersion data the term used to describe the stress a population undergoes due to limited resources the maximum population size that a particular environment can support seldom reached by marine producers and consumers because of the vast resources of the ocean fixed for most species over most of their range most of the time
exponential
Causes of steep increase in greenhouse gas emissions include: 1. ____________________ increase in human population 2. Steep increase in per capita fossil fuel use 3. Deforestation, forest fires
rising, melting, variable, changing, increasing
Climate factors other than temperature 1. Sea level is ( rising / lowering) 2. Ice caps and glaciers are ( freezing / melting) 3. Temperature and precipitation are becoming more ( stable / variable) 4. Average precipitation is ( staying the same / changing) 5. Severe weather events are ( increasing / decreasing) in frequency
density dependent
Competition _________________________________ density dependent or density independent?
humus
Completely decomposed detritus is called_______________ which is a desirable part of soils
0.01%
Consider the food chain of grass → grasshopper → mouse → snake → hawk. About how much of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis of the grass (100 percent) is available to the hawk? 60% 0.1% 10% 0.01% 1%
nitrogen fixation by bacteria
Consider the global nitrogen cycle depicted in the figure above. What is the limiting portion of the cycle for plants? internal nitrogen cycling in the oceans nitrogen fixation by bacteria industrial nitrogen fixation nitrogen lost to the atmosphere
birth, death
Demography is the study of ______ rates , ______ rates, age distributions and the sizes of populations.
making climates more extreme
Different types of research have all concluded that global climate change is _____. increasing annual precipitation everywhere making climates more extreme making storms more frequent increasing annual temperatures everywhere
aerobic
Do aerobic or anaerobic bacteria and archaea cause decomposition fastest? _______________ bacteria can produce decomposition much faster than anaerobic bacteria.
biosphere
Ecologist may even focus on everywhere in which organisms live on earth called the ______________.
only II, III, and IV
Ecosystem services include processes that increase the quality of the abiotic environment. Which of the following processes would fall under this category? I) Keystone predators have a marked effect on species diversity. II) Green plants produce the oxygen we breathe. III) The presence of land plants builds soil. IV) The presence of diverse wetlands helps in flood control. only I and III only I, II, and IV only II and IV only I, II, and III only II, III, and IV
Elephants exhibit a disproportionate influence on the structure of the community relative to their abundance.
Elephants are not the most dominant species in African grasslands, yet they influence community structure. The grasslands contain scattered woody plants, but they are kept in check by the uprooting activities of the elephants. Take away the elephants, and the grasslands convert to forests or to shrublands. The newly growing forests support fewer species than the previous grasslands. Which of the following describes why elephants are the keystone species in this scenario? Elephants prevent drought in African grasslands. Elephants are the biggest herbivore in this community. Elephants exhibit a disproportionate influence on the structure of the community relative to their abundance. Grazing animals depend upon the elephants to convert forests to grassland. Elephants help other populations survive by keeping out many of the large African predators.
loss
Energy flow is inefficient. With every energy transfer there is a ( gain / loss) of heat through trophic levels. The flow of energy through trophic levels may be captured in an energy pyramid.
yes
Ethics: Do we as people with the largest ecological footprint have a responsibility to reduce our footprint on the earth?
soil
Farms created by clearing tropical rain forests tend to perform poorly because of the rapid loss of __________as the rain washes it away
abiotic
Features in the nonliving environment are called (biotic / abiotic) factors.
density independent
Fire _______________ density dependent or density independent?
schooling
Fish move together in a school to confuse predator
The population growth rate increased.
Five new individuals were added to this small population in 1986 and ten more were added between 1990-1994. According to the figure above, what occurred in this population after these additions? The population increased exponentially. The population continued to decline The population increased in overall numbers. The population growth rate increased.
I, II, and III
For a species to be called "invasive," it must _____. I) be introduced to a new area II) spread rapidly in this new area III) eliminate native species only I only II only III only II and III I, II, and III
toxins
Frog produces a poison in its skin
polar bears, penguins, snow leopards
Give an example of animals that may be endanger of extinction due to rapid climate change. ________________________________________
Type II
Given the data in the table, which survivorship curve does Lacerta viviparta best resemble? Type I Type II Type III Type IV
decrease, more, more, heavier, increase
Global warming will result in (increase / decrease ) in sea ice; (fewer /more) heat waves; (fewer/more ) droughts; ( heavier / lighter ) precipitation in moister areas; and ( increase /decrease) in tropical cyclone and hurricane intensity.
cryptic coloration
Grasshopper looks like a leaf
aquifers
Groundwater is mostly stored in ___________________ .
Caribbean, philippines
Hotspots together are only 2/3% of earth but contain 40-50 % of known endemic species. Name 3 regions that contain hotspots: Madagascar ______________ _______________
The water table is dropping on every continent.
How are humans impacting the global water cycle when they pave, convert forest to agriculture, and irrigate that agriculture? The water table is dropping on every continent. Precipitation is decreasing on every continent. The water table is rising on every continent. Precipitation is increasing on every continent.
erosion
How are nutrients exported out of an ecosystem? a.) An organism eats and then moves out of an ecosystem taking the nutrients with it b.) Wind or water carry them away as in soil_____________
nitrogen-fixing
How are nutrients imported into an ecosystem? a) Ions released from rocks as they weather b) Wind or water carry them in c) Nitrogen added by ________________bacteria
Population size will continue to increase as long as the average fertility is above the replacement rate.
How can human population size keep increasing in spite of decreased fertility rates? Populations always increase exponentially. More resources are provided to each female. Population size will continue to increase as long as the average fertility is above the replacement rate. Decreases in fertility rate by definition mean the overall population size will decrease.
They prevent infrared light from leaving Earth's atmosphere.
How do greenhouse gases contribute to global warming? They block solar energy from reaching Earth's atmosphere. They allow excess radiant light to leave Earth's atmosphere. They prevent infrared light from leaving Earth's atmosphere. They prevent the oceans from absorbing shorter wavelengths of light.
plant feeds the fungus
How do the roots of the tree help the fungus?______________________________________
Carbon dioxide is released during cellular respiration.
How does carbon move from the biota to the atmosphere? Carbon dioxide diffuses into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is released during cellular respiration. Carbon is incorporated into sedimentary rocks. Carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis.
using nectar and pollen as food
How does the flower help the bee?__________________________________________________
vegetation
How does the presence of vegetation affect the rate of nutrient export in a temperate-forest system? Presence of _________________ lowers the rate of nutrient export because it increases soil stability and recycling of nutrients.
Carbon inputs into the atmosphere have risen.
How have humans altered the global carbon cycle? The burning of fossil fuels removes carbon from the global carbon cycle. Carbon inputs into the atmosphere have risen. The amount of photosynthesis has increased. Deforestation has decreased carbon levels in the atmosphere.
density independent
Hurricane _____________________________________ density dependent or density independent?
air, water, non-living parts of soil
Identify features of the physical environment: _______ ___________ ________ ________ ___________
a and d
Identify which of the following conditions should lead to zero population growth that is at equilibrium densities? a. High birth and high death rates b. High birth and low death rates c. Low birth and high death rates d. Low birth and low death rates
deep-sea vent
If a meteor impact or volcanic eruption injected a lot of dust into the atmosphere and reduced the sunlight reaching Earth's surface by 70 percent for one year, which of the following marine communities most likely would be least affected? deep-sea vent pelagic intertidal estuary coral reef
immigration
If individuals migrate into a population it is called ______________
food, space, water, soil quality
If the population size N is small , population growth is close to exponential - increasing rapidly; but if the population size N is large, population growth slows and ceases and the population reaches carrying capacity. What are some limiting factors? _______, __________, __________, __________
expand its realized niche
If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to _____. change its fundamental niche expand its realized niche eventually become competitively superior to the other species become the target of specialized parasites decline in abundance
taxon-specific
In a (taxon - specific / all-taxa survey), biologists conduct an intensive search for a specific taxon in a well-defined area.
inhibition
In a particular case of secondary succession, three species of wild grass all invaded a field. By the second season, a single species dominated the field. A possible factor in this secondary succession was _____. facilitation parasitism equilibrium inhibition immigration
all-taxa survey
In an (taxon -specific / all-taxa survey), biologists attempt to find and catalog all of the species present in an area.
producers
In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____. producers detritivores primary consumers tertiary consumers secondary consumers
land
In general, NPP ( net primary productivity) is higher on ( land / water ).
The leading hypothesis is that there is more light available on land than in the ocean.
In general, NPP is much higher on land than in the oceans. Why? The leading hypothesis is that oceans have higher densities of herbivores, which quickly consume the producers. The leading hypothesis is that there are few photosynthetic organisms that can live in the ocean. The leading hypothesis is that there are more available nutrients in water than on land. The leading hypothesis is that there is more light available on land than in the ocean.
photic
In oceans, light penetrates only as deep as the __________ zone
will
In other words greater rates of extinction ( will / will not) become normal.
As latitude increases, diversity decreases.
In the figure above, what can be stated about species diversity and latitude? As latitude decreases, diversity decreases. Species diversity is independent of latitude. As latitude increases, diversity decreases. Species diversity and latitude cannot be compared using this figure.
the hornet moth, wasp beetle, and hoverfly
In the figure above, which individuals are displaying Batesian mimicry? the hornet moth, wasp beetle, and hoverfly the paper wasp, bumblebee, and honeybee All of the insects are displaying Batesian mimicry. None of the insects are displaying Batesian mimicry.
5
In the figure above, which number would designate the arctic tundra biome? 2 3 4 5 The arctic tundra is not designated by a number in the figure above.
1
In the figure above, which number would designate the biome with the highest variation in annual precipitation? 1 2 3 4
arrow C
In the figure above, which of the arrows represents the carrying capacity? arrow A arrow B arrow C Carrying capacity cannot be found in the figure because species under density-dependent control never reach carrying capacity.
arrow B
In the figure above, which of the arrows represents the most rapid population growth? arrow A arrow B arrow C
line A
In the figure above, which of the lines represents the highest per-capita rate increase (r)? line D line A line B line C
species 1
In the figure above, which species is the stronger competitor? species 1 species 2 It is not possible to tell from this figure. Both species compete equally.
The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are identical, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are different.
In the hypothesis that C. stellatus (a species of barnacle) is competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone by B. balanoides (another species of barnacle), what could be concluded about the two species? The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are different, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are identical. The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides and C. stellatus are identical. The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are identical, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are different. The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides and C. stellatus are different.
realized
The __________ niche is the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies, given limiting factors such as competition with other species.
populations that colonize new habitats
In what populations does exponential growth tend to occur? populations that have surpassed their carrying capacity populations that experience intense competition populations that colonize new habitats populations that experience high rates of predation
competition
Individuals use the same resources resulting in lower fitness for both -/-
density dependent
Infectious disease ________________________ density dependent or density independent?
biotic
Interactions among organisms are called ( biotic /abiotic)
no
Is DDT banned all over the world? _____________
yes
Is DDT banned in the United States? _________
yes
Is a keystone species a dominant species as one that has a large effect in a community because of its abundance or high biomass? ______________
J
Is this a J or S shaped growth curve? ____________
prey on the community's dominant species
Keystone predators can maintain species diversity in a community if they _____. allow immigration of other predators prey only on the least abundant species in the community prey on the community's dominant species competitively exclude other predators reduce the number of disruptions in the community
Large clutch size correlates with low survival.
Looking at the data in the figure above, what can be said about survival and clutch size? Large clutch size correlates with low survival. Probability of survivorship does not correlate with clutch size. Animals with high survival tend to have larger clutch sizes. Animals with low survival tend to have smaller clutch sizes.
andes
Map of endemic species is important because endemic species are found in a particular area and nowhere else. This map again shows the highest number of endemic species in the ___________Mountains
South America
Map of species richness of birds shows a very high richness in the Andes Mountains on the continent ____________________
fundamental
The __________________ niche is the total theoretical range of environmental conditions that a species can tolerate.
pelagic
Marine organisms (whales, squid) big enough to control their motion through the ocean are called__________________
photosynthesis
Most primary producers are organisms that capture solar energy to manufacture food via ____________________.
respiration and photosynthesis
Name biotic processes that transfer carbon ________________________________________________
atmosphere
Name major reservoir (storage place) of nitrogen _________________________
assimilation
Name the biotic process by which nitrogen is taken into the body of a living organism? ______________
30 degrees north and 30 degrees south
Notice the big deserts of the world are located near the latitude both N and S indicated. What is the number? __________________
10
On average what % of the energy in the primary consumers flows to the secondary consumers? ______
10
On average what % of the energy in the producers flows to the primary consumers? _______
10
On average what % of the energy in the secondary consumers flows to the tertiary consumers? _______
consumption
One organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another. It increases consumer fitness but decreases victims fitness +/-
boreal
Organic matter accumulates in a __________forest but there is almost no organic matter accumulation in a tropical forest.
declining
Overall global aquatic NPP is ( increasing / declining) .
declining
Overall global terrestrial NPP is ( increasing / declining)
reflects
Ozone in the stratosphere is beneficial. It ( absorbs / reflects) radiation from the sun.
density dependent
Parasitism ____________________________________ density dependent or density independent?
removes
Photosynthesis ______________carbon dioxide from the atmosphere; and cellular respiration adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
arctic, southern canada, temperate north america, tropics
Place a number next to the geographical location in terms of species richness with 1 being the least and 4 the most Tropics __ arctic __ temperate North America ___ southern Canada______
north america, middle of asia, south america, africa, china
Place in order of smallest to largest ecological footprints people living in : North America Africa South America middle of Asia, China
primary producer
Plant = __________________
immigration
Populations grow due to births and _____. survivorship immigration deaths emigration
density dependent
Predation rate ________________________________ density dependent or density independent?
escape behavior
Prey run , fly, jump, swim away when detect predator
richness
Recall that a high level of species _____________is an important factor in community stability.
A
Refer to the figure above. Which curve best describes survivorship in humans who live in developed nations? A B C D E
The group has very few representatives of its lineage.
Refer to the figure above. Why is it important to preserve the red panda ? The group is economically important. The group is particularly sensitive to environmental disturbances. The group has very few representatives of its lineage. The group has low genetic diversity. All of the lineages in the figure above are important to preserve.
Completely decayed soil organic matter is called humus.
Regarding soil and organic matter in humus, which of the following statements is true? Completely decayed soil organic matter is called humus. Soil organic matter is completely decayed. Eventually, the nutrients in soil organic matter are converted to organic form. Humus is composed of inorganic nutrients, and organic matter is composed only of organic matter.
decrease
Research shows that as predators increase in number, one can often expect (decrease / increase ) in prey population
fossil fuels
Since the industrial revolution, humans have been burning ________ ________ at an ever increasing rate.
tertiary consumer
Snake = ___________________
sun
Solar energy comes from the _____________
commensalism
Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. This situation is an example of what kind of species interaction between the birds and the ants? parasitism cooperation consumption mutualism commensalism
Birds benefit from the association but have no impact on the ants.
Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. What is the result of the association between birds and ants? Birds benefit from the association and harm the ants. Birds do not benefit from the association, but the ants do. Birds and ants benefit from the association. Birds benefit from the association but have no impact on the ants. Neither birds nor ants benefit from the association.
decreases
Speciation increases species diversity; extinction _______________species diversity.
the predictable sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance
Succession in an ecological context refers to _______. what happens to the evolution of species as a result of the coevolutionary arms race the predictable sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance the sequence of changes that a species goes through during its occupancy within a community the predictable series of changes in a community as species evolve and become extinct
tropics, polar
Temperature varies by latitude with the most solar energy striking the earth near the equator. The region near the equator is called the ________, thus the adjective tropical refers to this part of the earth. The least solar energy reaches the north and south ____________ regions.
glaciers
The 2.5% that is fresh water is found in lakes, streams, rivers and in ice in ice caps and ____________
competitive exclusion
The _____________________ __________________ principle states that 2 species with exactly the same requirements cannot live together in the same place and use the same resources, that is cannot occupy the exact same niche. In the case of these 2 species, one will be driven out or will die out.
it is not possible for two species with the same niche to coexist in the same region
The competitive exclusion principle states that _____. it is not possible for two species to compete for the same resources two species with different niches will not compete for the same resources it is not possible for two species with the same niche to coexist in the same region two species with the same niche will constantly be competing for resources
biogeochemical
The cycling of nutrients from abiotic systems through producers, consumers and decomposers and back again is referred to as a __________________________( "life-earth-chemical") cycle
net primary productivity
The energy invested in growth and reproduction is called ___ __________________ ________________ (NPP) .
trophic structure
The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's _____. secondary succession ecological niche species-area curve species richness trophic structure
biome
The figure above represents net primary productivity organized by _____. biome continent geography region
use natural resources such that they do not decline over time
The main goal of sustainable development is to _____. use natural resources such that they do not decline over time reevaluating and re-implementing management plans over time use only natural resources in the construction of new buildings involve more countries in conservation efforts
phytoplankton
The most important producers in the ocean are the tiny floating algae called ______________________.
aquatic
The most productive ( terrestrial / aquatic ) ecosystems are coral reefs, algal beds, wetlands and estuaries
tropical rain forest
The most productive terrestrial ecosystem is ( tropical rain forest / desert / tundra)
acidic oceans are destroying reefs
The oceans are absorbing some of the carbon dioxide. When atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid which then drops a proton to form bicarbonate ion. The added protons ( hydrogen ions) make the ocean more acidic and lower the pH of the ocean. This is having huge negative impacts on life forms there. What is happening to coral reefs? ____________________________________________________
-/-
The symbols +, -, and o are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals in the examples that follow. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and o denotes where individuals are not affected by interacting. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. What interactions exist between a lion pride and a hyena pack? +/+ +/o +/- o/o -/-
natality, mortality
The term for birth rates is ___________ and the term for death rates is ____________.
gross primary productivity
The total amount of chemical energy produced in a given area and time period is called __________ ______________ _____________________ (GPP).
more intense annual solar radiation
There are more species in tropical areas than in places more distant from the equator. This is probably a result of _____. more intense annual solar radiation fewer predators more frequent ecological disturbances fewer agents of disease
exponential
This figure shows a ______________ growth model.
logistic
This figure shows the ___________ growth model which described an idealized population growth that is slowed by limiting factors as the population size increases;
harmful
This surface ozone may be ( harmful /harmless) to life.
algal
Too much nutrients (N and P) can lead to _______ blooms.
Ants do somehow protect the treehoppers from spiders.
Treehoppers (a type of insect) produce honeydew, which ants use for food. Treehoppers have a major predator, the jumping spider. Researchers hypothesized that the ants would protect the treehoppers from the spiders. In an experiment, researchers followed study plots with ants removed from the system and compared them to a control plot. In the figure above, what can you conclude? No specific conclusions can be drawn from this figure. Ants do somehow protect the treehoppers from spiders. Ants eat the honeydew produced by treehoppers Ants reduce the numbers of treehoppers. Treehoppers do not produce honeydew in July and are not protected by the ants.
true
True / false Areas with greater geographical variation tend to have higher biodiversity than areas that are flat or featureless.
true
True /false A food web is a more realistic depiction of the feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem than a food chain
true
True /false Species rich communities are more stable than those with fewer species.
true
True /false There is a limit to the number of trophic levels in a food chain.
false
True /false Tropical rain forests are low in species richness.
False
True or false? In the global carbon cycle, rivers link the terrestrial and marine reservoirs of carbon, whereas carbon exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean is achieved by active transport. True False
False
True or false? Local biogeochemical cycles are isolated within their particular ecosystem and all ions and molecules remain in that ecosystem permanently. True False
true
True/false Species richness is highest in the tropics and declines towards the poles
average temperature (°C)
What does the red line on the graph represent? average precipitation (inches) average temperature (°C) month of the year average precipitation (mm) average temperature (°F)
phenology, geographic, adaptation, extinction, acidification
What effects on organisms are caused by climate change? _______________ is the timing of seasonal events. __________________ range shifts. Evolutionary ______________. High _____________ rates may occur due to rapid climate change and other stressors. _____________________ of the oceans and other water bodies is a big concern.
precipitation
What factor determines whether the temperate biome is rain forest, deciduous forest or grassland? _____
light, food, water, space
What factors may be resources for partition to allow more similar species to coexist together? ____________ _______________ _______________ _____________
poles
Unfortunately ozone holes have formed at the North and South __________ .
competitive interaction between individuals of the same population
Uniform spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with _____. patterns of high humidity chance competitive interaction between individuals of the same population the random distribution of seeds the concentration of nutrients within the population's range
oceans, ice
Water is mainly found in salty ____________Only 3% of the world's water is fresh, and most is frozen as ________ covering the Arctic Ocean and Antarctica and in glaciers.
78
What % of the atmosphere is Nitrogen gas? ________________
They are regions that are extraordinarily rich in species diversity.
What are biodiversity hotspots? They are areas where biodiversity was first studied. They are regions that are extraordinarily rich in species diversity. They are areas that, due to lack of forestation, will be the most affected by global warming. They are the regions with the lowest species richness.
temperature and rainfall
What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes? temperature and light temperature and rainfall light and rainfall plants and animals temperature and plants
the interaction of food availability and predation intensity
What best explains hare and lynx population cycles? the population density of hares the interaction of food availability and predation intensity natural variation in the number of lynxes born the seasonal trends in food availability
temperate grassland
What biome does this climatograph represent? temperate deciduous forest tropical savanna temperate grassland desert tundra
Lack of oxygen
What conditions would lead to low decomposition rates in a marine environment? Lack of oxygen Lack of salt Lack of sunlight Lack of water
monthly precipitation
What do the blue bars on the graph represent? yearly precipitation average monthly temperature monthly precipitation average yearly temperature
Removing a keystone species from the community drastically reduces diversity.
What does the graph in the figure above tell you about the definition of a keystone species? Adding a keystone species to the community will make it more diverse. Removing a keystone species from the community drastically reduces diversity. Removing a keystone species from the community will eventually allow for the invasion of a new species. A keystone species has little interaction with other species in an environment.
plant biomass or organic material that can be consumed
What is net primary productivity (NPP)? water maintained in the soil minerals and nitrogen that can be fixed solar energy consumed by non-photosynthetic organisms plant biomass or organic material that can be consumed
Winters are cold and summers are hot.
What is the best description of the yearly temperature range shown by this graph? Winters are cold and summers are cool. Winters are cold and summers are hot. Temperatures are mild throughout the year. Temperatures are very cold throughout the year. Winters are mild and summers are hot.
900 mm
What is the best estimate of the total yearly precipitation in the region represented by this graph? 75 mm 75 inches 500 mm 900 mm 900 inches cannot be determined from this graph
overfertilization
What is the source of an increase in nutrients such as phosphates and nitrates in the water in the first place? _________________________
community
What level would an ecologist be studying if the focus of his/her study was : Competition among all the herbivores living in a grassland? ____________________
population
What level would an ecologist be studying if the focus of his/her study was : Decrease in population size of redfish in the Gulf of Mexico? ______________
They rapidly colonize soil that is exposed and has few or no competitors already present.
What makes pioneering plant species successful? They are naturally selected for longevity. They can outcompete all other species. They rapidly colonize soil that is exposed and has few or no competitors already present. They are adapted for survival under all kinds of conditions.
cyanobacteria
What organisms do nitrogen fixation? ___________
the frequent trend for there to be more species in communities at lower latitudes
What pattern do ecologists describe when referring to the latitudinal gradient? the frequent trend for there to be more species in communities at higher latitudes niche separation versus niche overlap the productivity of a community in kilograms of biomass per hectare the frequent trend for there to be more species in communities at lower latitudes
nitrogen fixation
What process is required to convert or "fix" nitrogen gas to a usable form ( ammonia, ammonium, nitrate) for plants and algae? ________________________
coniferous forest
What type of biome is also referred to as taiga? ________________________________
I
What type of survivorship curve would the following animals have? Humans ___________________
north of equator 60 degrees north
Where do you find tundra?_______________________
tropical rainforest
Which biome has both highest average temperature and highest annual precipitation? _______________
tundra
Which biome has both lowest average temperature and lowest annual precipitation? ___________
tropical rain forest
Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes? temperate grassland coniferous forest tropical rain forest desert tundra
tundra
Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost? taiga tropical forest tundra coniferous forest desert
Tropical wet forest
Which biome is the most productive? Tropical wet forest Tropical dry forest Temperate forest Desert
algal beds and reefs
Which category in the figure above makes available the highest productivity per square meter? tropical wet forest wetlands algal beds and reefs open ocean
random
Which dispersion pattern is most rare? _____________________________________________
open ocean
Which habitat types in the figure above cover the largest area? open ocean tropical wet forest plus the ocean neritic zone algal beds and reefs plus the ocean neritic zone wetlands plus the ocean neritic zone
the tropical rain forests and coral reefs
Which habitats are the most productive? the open ocean the tropical rain forests and coral reefs the combination of wetlands, estuaries, and deserts the combined boreal and temperate forests
Fish
Which is the most efficient food source to consume in terms of bioenergetics? Cow Pig Fish Chicken
predation, competition
Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the structure and organization of biological communities? precipitation, wind predation, competition temperature, water light intensity, seasonality nutrient availability, soil pH
counting the number of moss plants in one-square-meter quadrants
Which of the following examples would most accurately measure the density of the population being studied? counting the number of zebras from airplane census observations. counting the number of coyote droppings per hectare counting the number of moss plants in one-square-meter quadrants counting the number of times a one-kilometer transect is intersected by tracks of red squirrels after a snowfall counting the number of prairie dog burrows per hectare
Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality.
Why do populations grow more slowly as they approach their carrying capacity? Hormonal changes promote higher death rates in crowded populations. Density-independent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality. The incoming energy decreases in populations experiencing a high rate of increase. Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality. Individuals voluntarily stop mating so that overcrowding does not occur.
Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.
Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification (biomagnification)? Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers. The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers. Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers. The amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases. Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.
Tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities.
Which of the following is a widely supported explanation for the tendency of tropical communities to have greater species diversity than temperate or polar communities? There are fewer parasites to negatively affect the health of tropical communities. More competitive dominant species have evolved in temperate and polar communities. Tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities. Tropical communities are low in altitude, whereas temperate and polar communities are high in altitude. They are less likely to be affected by human disturbance.
habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction
Which of the following is the greatest threat to biodiversity? habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction overharvesting of commercially important species disruption of trophic relationships as more and more prey species become extinct pollution of Earth's air, water, and soil introduced species that compete with native species
ecosystem, community, population, organism
Which of the following levels of ecological organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive? organism, community, population, ecosystem population, ecosystem, organism, community ecosystem, community, population, organism organism, population, community, ecosystem community, ecosystem, organism, population
atmosphere
Which of the following locations is the main reservoir for nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle? soil fossilized plant and animal remains (coal, oil, and natural gas) plant and animal biomass atmosphere sedimentary bedrock
Carbon cycles between the atmosphere and living biomass.
Which of the following statements about the movement of nutrients through an ecosystem is true? Carbon cycles between the atmosphere and living biomass. A biogeochemical cycle is the path that an element takes as it moves from organism to organism. Nutrients in the soil can be eaten and used directly by animals. An organism transfers only its energy to the organism that eats it.
a surface exposed by a retreating glacier
Which of these is a starting point for primary succession? a surface exposed by a retreating glacier none of these is a starting point for primary succession a neglected yard an abandoned city abandoned farmland
coniferous forest
Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth? tundra coniferous forest temperate broadleaf forest temperate grassland desert
Greenland
Which one of the following is LEAST likely to be a hotspot for birds? East Africa Greenland Amazon River basin Southwest China
Interaction increases the survival and/or population growth rate(s) of mutualistic species.
Which statement best describes the evolutionary significance of mutualism? Mutualism offers more biodiversity to a community. Interaction increases the survival and/or population growth rate(s) of mutualistic species. Individuals partaking in a mutualistic relationship are more resistant to parasites. Mutualistic interaction lessens competition in communities where it is present. Mutualistic relationships allow organisms to synthesize and use energy more efficiently.
July and August
Which two months have the highest average temperature? May and June July and August September and October
Leaves
Which would you expect to see most reduced in a desert plant? Seed coats Flowers Roots Leaves
Batesian mimicry
While traveling in Texas, you stumble across a snake with red, yellow, and black bands. You somehow remember that this could be a poisonous coral snake or a harmless milk snake, but you forget how to differentiate them because they both have similar colors and banding patterns. You wisely decide not to pick up the snake. What defense of the snake was successful in preventing you from grabbing the snake? constitutive defense Müllerian mimicry inducible defenses Batesian mimicry
Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient.
Why are food chains relatively short? There are only so many organisms that are adapted to feed on other types of organisms. Top-level feeders tend to be small but are capable of conserving more energy. Top-level feeders tend to be more numerous than lower-trophic-level species. Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient. Food chain length is ultimately determined by the photosynthetic efficiency of producers.
very fast, human
Why are scientists so concerned about climate change as it is normal to have change in climate. 1. The rate of change is _________________ 2. ______________ activities are a big part of the cause of climate change at this time.
Because of resource partitioning
Why does high species richness result in high productivity? Because of resource partitioning Because species-rich communities have more mutualistic relationships Because richer species produce more Because more species results in higher consumption amounts
Due to poor trophic transfer efficiency, most energy is lost at higher trophic levels.
Why does net productivity diminish with increasing trophic levels? Energy is gained at each trophic level. Higher trophic level organisms have to work less to obtain food. There are fewer plants at higher trophic levels. Due to poor trophic transfer efficiency, most energy is lost at higher trophic levels.
Because the 12 percent does not consist primarily of biodiversity hot spots
Why is the 12 percent of land protected so far not enough to avert a mass extinction? Because the necessary amount of land to protect to avoid it is 55 percent Because a mass extinction is inevitable regardless of conservation effort Because species inhabit more than 12 percent of the land Because the 12 percent does not consist primarily of biodiversity hot spots
Tuna biomagnify the mercury.
Why might one get mercury poisoning from eating tuna every day, but not from eating sardines from the same water? Tuna biomagnify the mercury. Sardines do not uptake mercury. Mercury is more readily available for uptake in tuna. Sardines are able to excrete the mercury.
leaves
Will leaves or wood decompose faster? _________________ will decompose faster because lignin in wood is difficult to break down.
continent
Would more species richness be found on an island or a continent?_______________________
mountainous
Would more species richness be found with flat land or mountainous regions? _________________
planting five hundred new trees
You own three hundred acres of patchy temperate forest. Which one of the following actions would increase the net primary productivity of the area the most? introducing one hundred rabbits into the area planting five hundred new trees relocating all of the deer found in the area adding fertilizer to the entire area
G
______ = growth rate of population
r
______ = per capita rate of growth or intrinsic rate of growth
N
______ = population size
coral
________ reefs are extremely productive ocean ecosystems where a great diversity of organisms live.
biomass
_________ is a quantitative estimate of the total mass of living matter in a given area usually measured in grams or kilograms per square meter. It is possible also to construct biomass pyramids.
K
__________ = carrying capacity
G
__________ = growth rate of population
r
__________ = per capita rate of growth
N
__________ = population size
size
__________ is number of individuals in a population
density
__________ is the number of organisms in a given unit area or volume.
fitness
__________ of an individual is its ability to survive and produce viable fertile offspring. Species interactions vary in impact for each species
species
__________ richness is a measure of the number of species in a community and the abundance of each species.
wetlands
___________ ( ie freshwater marsh, swamp) are lands covered with water all or part of the time.
tertiary
___________ consumers eat the secondary consumers and are also a carnivore
dispersion
___________ is patterns of spacing or dispersion: random, uniform, clumped.
ecology
___________ is the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environments.
trophic
___________ level is a feeding level in a food chain. Trophic levels include: primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, detritivores and decomposers.
watersheds
____________ are areas drained by a single water body. The Mississippi River has an enormous watershed.
population
____________ ecology focuses on groups of interbreeding individuals called populations who live in the same place at the same time.
biotic
____________ refers to living factors
abiotic
____________ refers to nonliving factors
plankton
____________ refers to the organisms that float in the water that include phytoplankton and zooplankton.
autotrophs
_____________ ( primary producers) form the base of food chains and produce energy -rich organic molecules upon which nearly all other organisms depend
industrial revolution
______________________ stage where new industries with machines made it possible to produce a great quantity of food by fewer people and improvements in health care led to better survival rates for children and longer life spans. Human population began to grow exponentially
age of agriculture
_______________________ stage where people began to grow crops that they could rely on for a food source. People settled in communities. Growth in human population was still fairly low.
tropical rainforest
________________________occur in equatorial areas where the temperature is warm and days are the same year round. Rainfall is very high in tropical rain forest and productivity is very high. A tropical rain forest has layers of vegetation with emergent trees, the canopy, shrub understory, and herbs on ground
decomposition
_____________________of this detritus contributes soil organic matter to inorganic matter that is part of soil.
decomposers
_________________organisms that break down all dead organisms and convert them to minerals.
demographic
______________transition is a shift from zero population growth in which birth rates and death rates are high but roughly equal, to zero population growth characterized by low birth and death rates.
primary
___________consumers eat the primary producers and are herbivores.
