Biology exam one woooooo

Enzyme

An enzyme is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell.

Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon bonded with other elements, such as hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and more. One group of organic compounds, the hydrocarbons, are one of the reactants for hydrocarbon combustion, and therefore are flammable.

Define the term organic (as it relates to chemistry of life). Know why organic compounds are based on carbon skeletons and how different functional groups give different organic compounds different characteristics/roles.

When you eat carbs, your body breaks them down into simple sugars, which are absorbed into the bloodstream.

Describe how CHO are processed by the body.

they convert it into small, energy-rich molecules such as ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH),

Describe how cells process nutrients to generate energy.

Enzymes function as organic catalysts. A catalyst is a chemical involved in, but not changed by, a chemical reaction. Many enzymes function by lowering the activation energy of reactions.

Describe how enzymes are involved in chemical reactions.

The molecules that an enzyme works with are called substrates. The substrates bind to a region on the enzyme called the active site.

Describe how enzymes work at the molecular level.

As pancreatic lipase enters the small intestine, it breaks down the fats into free fatty acids and monoglycerides.

Describe how lipids are processed by the body.

Once a protein source reaches your stomach, hydrochloric acid and enzymes called proteases break it down into smaller chains of amino acids.

Describe how proteins are processed by the body.

The potential energy from food is converted into kinetic energy, the energy of motion of the bicycle. The kinetic energy of biking can then be converted into other forms.

Describe how the energy law relates to life. Categorize and distinguish examples of the different types of energy related to cell functions—types of potential energy, kinetic energy, thermal energy.

States that some of the organelles in today's eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes.

Describe the endosymbiotic theory.

Are caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, B vitamins, guarana, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, l-carnitine, sugars, antioxidants, and trace minerals.

Describe the ingredients in a typical energy drink that are known to influence energy reactions.

The digestive system is responsible for taking whole foods and turning them into energy and nutrients to allow the body to function, grow, and repair itself.

Describe the role of the digestive system in the body.

Coenzymes play a role in the functions of cells. Reactions within the cells work to either break down nutrients or combine molecules for cellular activities that keep the cells alive. Enzymes speed up these reactions. ... Coenzymes are nonprotein, organic molecules that facilitate the catalysis, or reaction, of its enzyme.

Describe the role of vitamins and coenzymes in biological reactions.

Active transport is the energy-requiring process of pumping molecules and ions across membranes "uphill" - against a concentration gradient. ... Larger molecules such as starch can also be actively transported across the cell membrane by processes called endocytosis and exocytosis.

Describe the transport processes in a cell that require energy.

They need the energy to perform functions such as growth, maintaining balance, repair, reproduction, movement, and defense.

Describe why living organisms require energy.

Nutrients help break down food to give organisms energy. They are used in every process of an organism's body.

Describe why living organisms require organic nutrients.

Polymer means many monomers. Sometimes polymers are also known as macromolecules or large-sized molecules. Usually, polymers are organic (but not necessarily). A monomer is a molecule that is able to bond in long chains.

Distinguish between monomers and polymers.

Carbohydrates, fats, protein, and alcohol in the foods and drinks we eat provide food energy or "calories.

Distinguish between the forms of energy nutrients.

It is possible for large molecules to enter a cell by a process called endocytosis, where a small piece of the cell membrane wraps around the particle and is brought into the cell.

Explain how cells move molecules in bulk across a membrane.

The broken-down food is then absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine and the nutrients are carried to each cell in the body.

Explain how each class of energy nutrient is processed by the digestion system.

The plasma membrane carries markers that allow cells to recognize one another and can transmit signals to other cells via receptors.

Explain how the plasma membrane regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell.

Each of these organs either secretes or stores substances that pass through ducts into the alimentary canal.

Explain the role of the accessory organs.

This tail only allows small and non polar molecules to pass in

Explain why the structure of the plasma membrane makes it semipermeable.

Changes in entropy can be quantitatively related to the distribution or the spreading out of the energy of a thermodynamic system, divided by its temperature.

How are energy, ATP, and entropy related to cell function?

It's stored in the liver not muscles

How can those molecules also be used for structure and storage?

Present on a biomolecule determine reactivity, solubility, and other physical properties that lead to its biological role in living organisms.

How do functional groups impact the function of a molecule?

Carbohydrates are a class of important organic molecules that provide energy and structure.

How do organic molecules provide energy to living organisms?

the prefix -mono means one. polymers are made of multiple monomers (multiple molecules). the prefix -poly means many. functional groups are the specific chemical groups that allow for specific types of chemical reactions to occur that give organic molecules distinctive qualities.

How do the prefixes mono- and poly- apply to organic molecules?

There's usually no calories

How do these sources relate to the calories shown on the label?

Caffeine acts as a central nervous system stimulant. When it reaches your brain, the most noticeable effect is alertness. You'll feel more awake and less tired, so it's a common ingredient in medications to treat or manage drowsiness, headaches, and migraines.

How does caffeine influence the energy reactions of the body.

Increases your resting metabolic rate, which means it increases the number of calories you burn at rest

How does caffeine influences metabolic rate.

A decomposer, which includes insects, worms and bacteria, is a consumer that gets energy from the Sun indirectly when it consumes or decomposes what remains of the bodies of dead plants and animals. The Sun's energy flows to the berry tree, which makes its own food from sunlight, carbon dioxide and water.

How does energy flow between the sun to plants, animals, and decomposers?

Glycerol is changed into one of the intermediate products of glycolysis, so enters the cell respiration pathway.

How fats and lipids enter the aerobic pathway.

In muscles and nerves, chemical potential energy stored in covalent bonds is transformed, respectively, into kinetic and electric energy.

How is chemical potential energy stored in organic molecules measured?

As the site of cellular respiration, mitochondria serve to transform molecules such as glucose into an energy molecule known as ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

How is energy lost and utilized by cells and their organelles?

Proteins are linear polymers built of monomer units called amino acids.

How is the function of a protein related to its structure and monomer composition?

proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

Identify the key organs that are involved in the processing of energy nutrients.

Cells store energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. Energy is released when the terminal phosphate group is removed from ATP.

Illustrate how potential energy across a membrane is capture to fuel a cell.

Distinguish between dehydration synthesis and hydrolytic reactions.

In dehydration synthesis reactions, a water molecule is formed as a result of generating a covalent bond between two monomeric components in a larger polymer. In hydrolysis reactions, a water molecule is consumed as a result of breaking the covalent bond holding together two components of a polymer.

The brain and red blood cells can only use glucose for energy and During pregnancy, glucose also helps form cells and produce milk.

In what ways do simple sugars provide energy to cells?

The anabolic reaction or reaction of anabolism build up (synthesize) larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring input of energy.

Larger more complex molecules are formed by this reaction which releases what molecule?

Ginseng, Gingko Biloba, and Guarana are safe when consumed individually, but when mixed with common energy drink ingredients such as caffeine and sugar, they can become dangerous.

List the ingredients of an energy drink that interact with metabolic pathways.

These are three main sets of reactions that act in series—the products of each being the starting material for the next: glycolysis (which occurs in the cytosol), the citric acid cycle (in the mitochondrial matrix), and oxidative phosphorylation (on the inner mitochondrial membrane).

List the major stages in the breakdown of organic nutrients to energy.

Vitamin B: improves mood and can fight cancer and heart disease.

Scientific evidence to analyze the claims of energy drink manufacturers.

Molecules that increase the activity of an enzyme are called activators, while molecules that decrease the activity of an enzyme are called inhibitors.

Summarize how the body regulates the activity of enzymes

The flow of energy through living organisms begins with photosynthesis. This process stores energy from sunlight in the chemical bonds of glucose. By breaking the chemical bonds in glucose, cells release the stored energy and make the ATP they need.

Summarize the flow of energy in living organisms.

Passive transport requires no energy from the cell. Examples include the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, osmosis of water, and facilitated diffusion.

Summarize the methods by which cells move material in without expending energy.

They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell.

Summarize the role of the mitochondria in a cell.

Your cells convert carbohydrates into the fuel molecule ATP through a process called cellular respiration.

Summarize the roles of carbohydrates in living organisms.

The most important function lipids perform is as the building blocks of cellular membranes. Other functions include energy storage, insulation, cellular communication and protection.Apr

Summarize the roles of lipids in living organisms.

They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs

Summarize the roles of proteins in living organisms.

Ingestion of food. Secretion of fluids and digestive enzymes. Mixing and movement of food and wastes through the body. Digestion of food into smaller pieces. Absorption of nutrients. Excretion of wastes.

Summarize the roles of the major digestive organs.

The primary ergogenic nutrient in most energy drinks appears to be carbohydrate and/or caffeine.

Summarize the types of energy nutrients that are typically found in energy drinks.

The suit claims VPX Sports advertises its BANG energy drinks as a "potent brain & body-rocking fuel" that provides the benefits associated with "Creatine, Caffeine, CoQ10 & BCAAs (Branched Chain Amino Acids)." What consumers don't know, the lawsuit alleges, is that the products are unable to produce the promised

The claims of energy drink manufacturers.

any of various types of beverage that are considered a source of energy, especially a soft drink containing a high percentage of sugar and/or caffeine or other stimulant.

The concept of an energy drink.

Act's as a central nervous system stimulant. When it reaches your brain, the most noticeable effect is alertness. You'll feel more awake and less tired, so it's a common ingredient in medications to treat or manage drowsiness, headaches, and migraines.

The influence of caffeine in physiological processes.

Are involved as coenzymes in the breakdown of nutrients and in the building of macromolecules, such as protein, RNA, and DNA.

The role of B vitamins in metabolic processes.

Coenzymes assist enzymes in turning substrates into products.

The role of a coenzyme in a chemical reaction.

Beginning with energy sources obtained from their environment in the form of sunlight and organic food molecules, eukaryotic cells make energy-rich molecules like ATP and NADH via energy pathways including photosynthesis, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

The types and sources of energy used by cells from biomolecules.

Polymers are large molecules made up of long chains or networks of smaller molecules called monomers. Natural polymers include silk, hair, proteins and DNA, while synthetic (man-made) polymers include polyethylene, polypropylene and polyester.

To lysis polymers requires what polar molecules and what are the resulting products?

A unit of measurement of food energy is the calorie.

Understand how the energy of the organic nutrients is measured.

Enzymes create chemical reactions in the body. They actually speed up the rate of a chemical reaction to help support life. The enzymes in your body help to perform very important tasks. These include building muscle, destroying toxins, and breaking down food particles during digestion.

Understand the general role of enzymes in the digestive process.

they serve as structural components of cell membranes, function as energy storehouses, and function as important signaling molecules.

What are the functions of lipids within the body?

lipids, proteins, sugar, nucleic acids

What are the unique characteristics of the monomers and polymers of the 4 classes of biomolecules?

All living organisms need energy to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments; metabolism is the set of the processes that makes energy available for cellular processes. ... The transport, synthesis, and breakdown of nutrients and molecules in a cell require the use of energy.

What cellular and life processes require energy?

Caffeine was first isolated from coffee in 1819(Charles 2014). It is also found in tea ; in cacao pods , and in cocoa and chocolate products; in kola nuts , used in the preparation of cola drinks ; in the ilex plant and in guarana seeds , an ingredient in energy drinks.

What is caffeine is and its origins.

Carbon makes four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds, allowing carbon atoms to form multiple stable bonds with other small atoms, including hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

What properties of Carbon make it unique related to organic molecules?

Its stored within the chemical bonds that hold them together.

Where is the energy of an organic molecule stored?

Most energy drinks contain large amounts of caffeine, which can provide a temporary energy boost. Some energy drinks contain sugar and other substances. The boost is short-lived, however, and may be accompanied by other problems.

Which ingredients in an energy drink facilitate the generation of energy.

Example creatine

While examining the food label for an energy drink can you identify the sources of chemical energy?

they serve as structural components of cell membranes, function as energy storehouses, and function as important signaling molecules.

functions of lipids inside the body

vitamin

organic molecule that helps regulate body processes

The food we eat contains stored chemical energy. As the bonds between the atoms in food loosen or break, a chemical reaction takes place, and new compounds are created. The energy produced from this reaction keeps us warm, helps us move, and allows us to grow. Different foods store different amounts of energy.

the importance of chemical energy.

The process is called oxidative phosphorylation and it happens inside mitochondria. In the matrix of mitochondria the reactions known as the citric acid or Krebs cycle produce a chemical called NADH.

the processes within mitochondria that generate ATP