Biology Hw 4
Eukaryotes arose about ________ years after the first prokaryotes. 3.5 billion 30 million 1.7 billion 4.0 billion
1.7 billion
Which of the following is the most recent example of an evolutionary change in populations? the occurrence of many different breeds of dogs the presence of long generation times in organisms the development of pesticide-resistant insects the genetic differences among the various human populations on Earth
the development of pesticide-resistant insects
Which of the following is an example of natural selection that has been seen in our lifetime? the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria the rise of different feeding habits in different species of finches the rise of the domain Archaea a rise in the incidence of malaria
the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles, the frequency of the brown allele will increase. the frequency of the green allele will increase. the frequencies of the brown and green alleles will not change. this causes the population to evolve due to genetic drift.
the frequency of the green allele will increase.
New molecules of DNA are synthesized by copying the genetic sequence of another molecule of DNA, which we call the template, so that __________. the helical shape of DNA is conserved there are two copies of each gene on a single DNA molecule DNA can serve as a template for the synthesis of other polymers such as proteins and carbohydrates during cell division daughter cells are genetically identical to the mother cell
the helical shape of DNA is conserved
The information carried by a DNA molecule is in __________. the total number of nucleotides it contains the sugars and phosphates forming its backbone the order of the nucleotides in the molecule its amino acid sequence
the order of the nucleotides in the molecule
A mutation occurs when _____. individuals enter a population some individuals leave more offspring than other individuals population sizes are small there is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene
there is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene
Would you expect desert plants to have a thin or thick cuticle? thick because desert plants have an extensive shoot system thick because desert plants need to retain water in this dry environment thin because desert plants do not have stomata thin because desert plants have a short root system
thick because desert plants need to retain water in this dry environment
Which of the following events occurs during transcription? A cap is added to the RNA molecule. mRNA binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. Those segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed.
A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
Which scenario describes allopatric speciation? A male horse and a female donkey mate, producing a sterile hinny. A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. The two subpopulations evolve into two distinct species. A tetraploid plant species evolves from a diploid ancestor. Both the tetraploid and diploid species are found in the same habitat. One population breeds in the fall; another population breeds in the spring
A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. The two subpopulations evolve into two distinct species.
Which of these individuals is a homozygous genotype? aG AA Gg Aa
AA
Suppose that every few years, all people over 6 feet tall do not have any children. How will this affect the human population? Gene flow will increase. It will increase in number since shorter people use fewer resources than taller people. Alleles that promote "tallness" will decrease in frequency. The mutation rate will increase.
Alleles that promote "tallness" will decrease in frequency.
What do DNA and RNA have in common? Both form double helices. Both contain deoxyribose. Both are composed of nucleotides. They are composed of the same nucleotides
Both are composed of nucleotides.
The current geological era is the ________. Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Cambrian
Cenozoic
Dinosaurs (aside from the lineage that produced birds) were extinct by the end of the ________. Cretaceous Silurian eocene Permian
Cretaceous
Which of the following statements about early ideas of evolution is true? Lamarck suggested the idea of natural selection. Aristotle thought that species evolved. Fossil discoveries in the early 1800s convinced many naturalists that species are not fixed and can change over time Charles Darwin came up with the idea that species evolve.
Fossil discoveries in the early 1800s convinced many naturalists that species are not fixed and can change over time.
Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct? Natural selection causes the frequency of the green allele to increase. Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase. Natural selection causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase Gene flow causes the frequency of the green allele to increase
Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase.
Which of these is an example of temporal isolation? One species is nocturnal, and the other species is diurnal (active during the day). One species cannot dance; the other only mates with species that can dance properly. The average weight of the individuals in one species is 100 pounds; in the other species, the average is 640 pounds. One species is found only in New York, the other only in London.
One species is nocturnal, and the other species is diurnal (active during the day).
How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcribing a gene into mRNA? RNA polymerase starts when the enzyme attaches to a specific nucleotide sequence called a promoter at the beginning of a gene. It starts at one end of the chromosome. The ribosome directs it to the correct portion of the DNA molecule. Transfer RNA acts to translate the message to RNA polymerase.
RNA polymerase starts when the enzyme attaches to a specific nucleotide sequence called a promoter at the beginning of a gene.
Why are gymnosperms considered to be "naked seed" plants? Their seeds are not enclosed within ovaries. Their seeds develop on the surface of sporophytes. They do not produce seeds; they produce only spores. Their seeds have a thin layer of endosperm.
Their seeds are not enclosed within ovaries.
Why are ferns considered incompletely adapted to the terrestrial environment, when compared with other plants? thy lack cuticle Their sperm are flagellated the gametophyte generation is dominant they lack vascular tissue
Their sperm are flagellated
Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA? a G paired with a T an A paired with a T a C paired with a G all of the above are improper base pairs
a G paired with a T
A mutation is __________. a temporary and reversible alteration in a DNA molecule a mistake that can occur in either transcription or translation blockage of the ribosome-binding sites a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
A reproductive barrier that prevents individuals from closely related species from interbreeding is an example of ________. geographical isolation of populations allopatric speciation a prezygotic barrier sympatric speciation
a prezygotic barrier
How do mutations affect an organism? they, in some cases, may have no noticeable affect they may cause the development of a more beneficial allele they may cause the development of a disease-causing allele all of these affect an organism
all of these affect an organism
Food poisoning from Salmonella occurs because of ________. extremophile conditions easy transmission between people living in close contact an endotoxin produced by Salmonella bacteria an exotoxin secreted by Salmonella bacteria
an endotoxin produced by Salmonella bacteria
Some fish have bony fins. If the body of water they are in dries out, these fins can be used to help the fish "walk" to another body of water. In this context, bony fins are an example of a homologous structure vestigial structure an exaptation an adaptation
an exaptation
Which prokaryotic group is most closely related to eukaryotes? bacteria bacteria and archaea are equally closely related protista archaea
archaea
All organisms that photosynthesize fit into which nutritional category? mixotroph parasites heterotrophs autotrophs
autotrophs
What type of reproductive isolating mechanism is described by a situation in which female fireflies mate only with males who emit light in a particular pattern? behavioral isolation habitat isolation mechanical isolation temporal isolation
behavioral isolation
Prokaryotes reproduce by means of ________. meiosis mitosis binary fission budding
binary fission
The population of American bison used to number in the millions of animals. Hunting and other problems greatly decreased the number of bison to about 1,000 animals. Today, the numbers are recovering to estimates of more than 200,000 animals. This crash in the population of bison and recent recovery is an example of __________. founders effect gene flow genetic drift bottleneck effect
bottleneck effect
Which of the following correctly illustrates the sequence of the origin of modern groups of plants? bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms, bryophytes gymnosperms, ferns, bryophytes, angiosperms bryophytes, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms
bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
Gametophytes reproduce ________. by fission by producing sperm and eggs by budding by meiosis of special cells in the gametophyte
by producing sperm and eggs
Genetic drift is a process based on _____. mutation chance immigration emigration
chance
Endosymbiosis explains the origin of the ________ of eukaryotes. endomembrane system nuclear envelope chloroplasts and mitochondria membrane-bound organelles
chloroplasts and mitochondria
In evolutionary terms, an organism's Darwinian fitness is measured by its __________. genetic variability health mutation rate contribution to the gene pool of the next generation
contribution to the gene pool of the next generation
What accounts for the similarity between seaweeds and plants? seaweeds are aquatic plants evolutionary fitness plants are the ancestors of seaweeds convergent evolution
convergent evolution
The ________ help(s) plants retain water. cuticle hypha lignin mycorrhiza
cuticle
After DNA replication is completed, _____. each new DNA double helix consists of two new strands each of the four DNA strands consists of some old strand parts and some new strand parts one DNA double helix consists of two old strands and one DNA double helix consists of two new strands each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand
each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand
A period of mass extinction is often followed by ________. global warming explosive diversification continental drift cease of life
explosive diversification
Much of the coal we use today came from ________ that lived during the Carboniferous. angiosperms mosses ferns gymnosperms
ferns
are seedless vascular plants. bryophytes gymnosperms ferns angiosperms
ferns
Imagine that a new population of humans is established on a new planet from ten randomly selected people in your biology class. Over thousands of years, the descendants of those ten people reproduce and prosper, but do not reflect well the diversity of humans on Earth. This change in the diversity of people on the new planet is an example of _____. founders effect genetic drift bottleneck effect gene flow
founders effect
The flow of information in a cell proceeds __________ . from the cytoplasm to the nucleus from the environment to DNA from DNA to RNA to protein from RNA to DNA to protein
from DNA to RNA to protein
The ease with which humans travel across the globe is likely to increase _____. gene flow disease genetic drift mutation
gene flow
All the genes in a population are that population's _____. fitness phenotype gene pool genotype
gene pool
The relationship of the genome to an organism is the same as that of the _____ to a population. gene species mutation gene pool
gene pool
Modern travel along with migration reduces the probability of _____ having an effect on the evolution of humans. gene flow mutation disease genetic drift
genetic drift
The evolution of populations due to chance is genetic drift. genetic variation. gene flow. natural selection.
genetic drift
Sympatric speciation specifically EXCLUDES ________. behavioral isolation postzygotic barriers geographic isolation temporal isolation
geographic isolation
Gametophytes are ________; sporophytes are ________. an adaptation to an aquatic existence... an adaptation to a terrestrial existence male... female haploid... diploid the dominant stage of the conifer life cycle... the less obvious stage of the conifer life cycle
haploid... diploid
One of the critical aspects of Watson and Crick's discovery of the structure of DNA was that it __________. provided a model for our understanding of cell structure described a mechanism for formation of all biological molecules described a role for nitrogen in biological molecules helped explain how DNA molecules can be copied to produce identical DNA molecules
helped explain how DNA molecules can be copied to produce identical DNA molecules wrong
A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the: all of her cells somatic eggs her egg cells none of her cells
her egg cells
Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____. DNA polymerase ligase primase helicase
ligase
Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing? A modified guanine nucleotide is added to the beginning of the RNA strand as a cap. mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome. Adenine nucleotides are added to the end of the RNA strand, forming a tail. Segments of RNA that do code for the protein are reconnected.
mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome.
Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA? Segments of mRNA that code for protein are removed before translation. mRNA includes a cap that consists of extra adenine nucleotides. mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the cytoplasm. mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.
mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.
A pollen grain is a(n) ________. male gametophyte sporophyte integument female gametophyte
male gametophyte
The type of reproductive barrier that occurs when reproductive structures of different species are physically incompatible is referred to as ________. mechanical isolation temporal isolation habitat isolation behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
Scientists hypothesize that disrupting our ________ communities may increase our susceptibility to infectious diseases, predispose us to certain cancers, and contribute to conditions such as asthma and other allergies, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, and autism. protist pathogen exotoxin microbial
microbial
In ________ the gametophyte is more obvious than the sporophyte. mosses ferns grasses conifers
mosses
Which of the following lack vascular tissue? ferns grasses mosses cone-bearing plants
mosses
Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi are called ________. mycorrhizae mycelia hyphae shoots
mycorrhizae
A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other characteristics is called _____. descent with modification natural selection evoultion evolutionary adaptation
natural selection
seeds develop from carpels anters ovules ovaries
ovules
The first organisms to colonize land were plants, protists, and insects bacteria, plants, and fungi plants, fungi, and insects protists, bacteria, and fungi
plants, fungi, and insects
Eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants are classified in a "catch-all" category called ________. protists archaea seaweeds bacteria
protists
When two frog species, Rana pipiens and Rana sylvatica, mate, the offspring die early in embryonic development. This is an example of ________. mechanical isolation reduced hybrid fertility hybrid sterility reduced hybrid viability
reduced hybrid viability
The site of translation is ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm. the Golgi apparatus. the plasma membrane. the cell nucleus.
ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm.
According to the Hardy-Weinberg formula, the frequencies of alleles in a population will remain constant if _____ is the only process that affects the gene pool. gene flow sexual reproduction mutation genetic drift
sexual reproduction
Animals that possess homologous structures probably __________. by chance had similar mutations in the past shared a common ancestor have increased genetic diversity are headed for extinction
shared a common ancestor
DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes. we will not find mistakes average large small
small
Which aspect of truffle mushrooms drives their commercial importance? taste smell size texture
smell wrong
Spherical bacteria that occur in clusters are ________. staphylococci Streptococci bacilli spirochetes
staphylococci
Plate tectonics has been responsible for instances of all of the following EXCEPT ________. volcanic explosions sympatric speciation allopatric speciation mass extinction
sympatric speciation
What was the first stage of the process that led to the abiotic origin of life? synthesis of polymers, such as proteins and nucleic acids origin of self-replicating molecule synthesis of monomers, such as amino acids and nucleotides formation of pre-cells
synthesis of monomers, such as amino acids and nucleotides
To help prevent the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, you should __________. take the full course of any antibiotics your doctor has prescribed support the use of antibiotics in livestock production take antibiotics only in a hospital setting avoid taking any antibiotics
take the full course of any antibiotics your doctor has prescribed
An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand. template complement model primer
template
Which one of the following does not play a role in translation? DNA amino acids Ribosomes tRNA
DNA
The action of helicase creates _____ DNA fragments and replication forks DNA fragments and replication bubbles primers and DNA fragments replication forks and replication bubbles
DNA fragments and replication forks
Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments? DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 3' to 5' direction only short DNA sequences can extend off the RNA primers the replication forks block the formation of longer strands DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction
DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction
What is an evolutionary reason why individual ferns may produce millions of spores? Spores can germinate only in the right environmental conditions, so producing many spores increases the chances that at least one will end up in an area of those conditions. Spores can disperse only short distances, so producing many spores increases the chances that at least one will travel far enough to germinate. Having many spores increases the chances that they will produce fossil fuels. Having many spores increases the chances that they can produce seeds.
Spores can germinate only in the right environmental conditions, so producing many spores increases the chances that at least one will end up in an area of those conditions.
All of the following are true EXCEPT one. Choose the exception For most of biological history, life was confined to aquatic habitats. The first organisms to colonize land were animals. The great diversification of animals occurred during the Cambrian explosion The evolution of multicellularity took place after the origin of the eukaryotes.
The first organisms to colonize land were animals.
