Biology II Exam 4
Why is osmoregulation an issue for animals living in fresh water?
it expends energy
What organ coordinates beating of the cilia in the combs of the ctenophore?
statocyst
How many chambers are there in an amphibian's heart?
three
The epidermis of an animal is derived from which germ layer?
Ectoderm
Paired, jointed appendages denote which group of animals?
arthropods
Which chordate group has the most species?
bony fishes
Reptiles lack metabolic mechanisms for regulating body temperature and their body temperature fluctuates with the environment's temperature. Thus, reptiles are ________.
ectotherms
Evidence shows that humans began to cultivate crops from approximately ____ years ago.
10,000 years ago
The first land animals likely moved onto land when?
450 million years ago
There are about ____ identified species of vertebrates.
50,000
What is the suborder for monkeys, apes, and humans?
Anthropoidea
Members of the phylum ______ are the simplest organisms that have a separate mouth and anus
Cnetophora
What is the main structural component of animal cell's extracellular matrix?
Collagen
To include your nose and eyes in the same section, you would need to cut your body on which plane?
Frontal
A sea nettle has what type of body form?
Medusa
What derived character defines all chordates?
They have a notochord at some point in their life cycles
Within more complex animals, cells are organized into _______
Tissues
The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the
Urochordates
What protein makes up a reptilian's scaly skin?
keratin
A lobster has been classified as a member of the Ecdysozoa for its ability to ____
molt
What is the most difficult problem animals face living on land?
Dessication
Within a bilateral body plan, which surface is the back structure of the animal?
Dorsal surface
Based upon today's molecular evidence, Homo sapiens appear to have originated from
East Africa
Which groups of organisms display radial cleavage during development?
Echinoderms
_______ is an anticoagulant used by leeches
Hirudin
What regulatory gene group has been identified in all the bilateral animal groups, can this provide insight about evolutionary relationships among the bilateral animal groups?
Hox genes
What key characteristic of vertebrates allowed them to complete their life cycle on land?
an amniotic egg
The head end of the animal is known as the
anterior
What are the organs of chemoreception in flatworms?
auricles
One major adaptive advantage of the lophotrochozoans is the development of a head region, otherwise known as _______.
cephalization
Diploblastic animals, such as cnidarians and ___________, have only two germ layers, ectoderm and ________
cnetophores; endoderm
What key characteristic of mammals gives them an excellent sense of hearing?
cochlea
Which skeletal feature did NOT enhance hominin bipedal locomotion?
foreman magnum at the center rear of skull
Extant vertebrates are assigned to six classes of fishes and three classes of tetrapods. A distinct characteristic of all tetrapods is ________.
four limbs
Cells of the blastula undergo ____, a process that forms and segregates the three germ layers
gastrulation
Urochordates are odd chordates, as typically only the ____ show(s) the basic chordate characteristics
larva
A true body cavity completely surrounded by ________ is called a coelom
mesoderm
Complete ____ reduces competition among insects within the same species; larval forms do not compete with adults for food or habitats.
metamorphosis
In most protostomes, the blastopore develops into the _____
mouth
Most reptiles are ____ and their fertilization is ____.
oviparous; internal
In the modern ray-finned fishes, the lungs became modified as a _________ to help regulate buoyancy
swim bladder
Birds are thought to have evolved from group of bipedal, saurischian dinosaurs called ________.
theropods
The heart of amphibians has ____ chambers. The hearts of birds and mammals have ____ chambers.
three; four
Deuterostomes evolved during the ____ eon.
Proterozoic
All Cnidarians have what type of body plan?
Radial
Which framework supports a sponge's mesohyl?
Spicules
What is the pattern of cleavage for protostomes?
Spiral
What type of vision allowed primates to gauge distance and depth?
Stereoscopic
Order ____ includes the turtles and tortoises.
Testudines
Indeterminate cleavage takes place in _____________ and is characterized by a pattern of development where the ultimate fate of each cell is ________
deuterostomes; not fixed until late in the developmental process
The earliest mammals resembled small
dogs
Molecular systematics suggests that complex molecules are unlikely to have evolved multiple times, thus animals only evolved once. This means that animals are a ____________ group
monophyletic
Neanderthals appeared how many years ago?
250,000
The earliest fossils of anatomically modern H. sapiens in Europe and most parts of Asia date to
40,000
Metamorphosis occurs in which of the following vertebrate classes?
Amphibia
The diverse body plans seen in Animalia apparently developed during the
Cambrian Period
An animal's zygote undergoes ________, a series of mitotic cell division
Cleavage
The two groups representing the "jawless" fishes are
Myxini and Petromyzontida
What is the most unique derived character of echinoderms?
a water vascular system
What is a challenge for animals living in the ocean?
coping with water movement
A nauplius larva is a characteristic of
crustaceans
Forest-dwelling, chimpanzee-sized apes, which lived about 15 mya during the Miocene epoch and may have given rise to modern apes as well as to humans, are called ________.
dryopitchecines
The lining of the digestive tube is formed from
endoderm
Determinate cleavage takes place in ______ and is characterized by a pattern of development where the ultimate fate of each cell is ______.
protostomes; fixed early in the developmental process
Deuterostomes are characterized by ____ and ____ cleavage.
radial; indeterminate
Mammals evolved from mammal-like ____ known as therapsids more than 200 mya.
reptiles
The amphibians are believed to have arisen from ancestral
sacropterygian fishes
Australopithecus was the first hominin to feature which distinguishing characteristic?
sexual dimorphism