BIOLOGY: LIFE IN THE NATURAL WORLD
Define Population
A group of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area
What are Biological species?
A group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offsprings
What can phenotype variations be influenced by?
Environmental conditions but genes are not changed
Define Mutations
Inheritable changes in a gene or chromosome
Cline
Measurable, gradual changes over a geographical region in the average of some phenotypic characters such as color and size
Standard Deviation (SD)
Measure of reliability around a mean
What is ecology?
The study of the complex web interactions between organisms
Define Evapotranspiration
The total amount of water from surfaces of the ground and vegetation
Define Biotic
The living, Consist of the plants, animals, and microbes
Define Climate
The long term average pattern of weather and may be local, regional, or global ◆Determines Flora and Fauna
Define Abiotic
The physical, Consist of the atmosphere, climate, soil and water
Define water cycle
The process by which water travels in a sequence from the AIR to EARTH and returns to the ATMOSPHERE
Adiabatic Lapse Rate
The rate of temperature change with elevation
Define Environmental Lapse Rate
The rate which temperature decreases with altitude
What does ecology study?
The relationship between organisms and their environment
1.Eco= 2.System=
1. Environment 2. Functions
Describe the product of 2 conditions from Natural Selection?
1. Variation among individuals within a population in some "heritable" characteristics 2. Variation results in differences among individuals in their survival and reproduction
What do Gene mutations to the gene pool?
Add variations
Define Community
All populations of different species living and interacting within an ecosystem
Allele
Alternative form of a gene
What is vegetation affected by?
Altitude ( temperature and moisture)
What are some of the physical conditions that surround an organism?
Ambient temperature Moisture Light intensity
Ecosystem
An environment that functions as a collection of related parts that function as a unit
What do physical conditions that surround and organism influence?
Basic physiological processes that are crucial to survival and growth
What are the two (2) basic interacting components of the ecosystem?
Biotic Abiotic
Define Evolution
Change in gene frequency overtime
Adaptations
Characteristics that enable organisms to thrive in a given environment
Dominant Gene (AA)
Covers up effects of another gene
Define Adiabatic Cooling
Decrease in air temperature through expansion ◆Air condition process
Heterozygous
Different
Recessive Gene(aa)
Effect will be covered by the dominant trait
Where would most of the fresh water be found?
Glaciers and Ice caps =Polar Regions and Greenland
What are the matched pairs that chromosomes come in called?
Homologous Chromosomes
Phenotype
How it physically appears
Genotype
How the genes are genetically
Ogallala
Largest fresh water equifer
Define Transpiration
Loss of water from plants, especially leaves
Define Median
Mid-point in a distribution
Define Mode
Most frequently occupying value
Define Diffusion
Movement from high to lower concentration
Define Evaporation
Movement from liquid to gaseous(vapor) state
Define Infiltration
Movement into soil
Define Average
Numerical mid-point
Charles Darwin
Observant Proposed Natural Selection ◆different types of selections resulted in in different populations
Hybrids
Offspring results from the mating of two (2) different species
What are species ?
Organisms of the same kind that are able to breed in nature and produce fertile offsprings
Sample
Part of the population actually observed
Ecotypes
Population adapted to its unique local environmental conditions
What are the sub - divisions of ecology?
Population ecology Community ecology Physiological ecology Evolutionary ecology Behavioral ecology Landscape ecology Conservation ecology Restoration ecology Global ecology
Gregor Mendel 1822-1884
Proposed heritable traits=GENES
What two data gathering methods is ecological science?
Qualitative Quantitative
What does an organism do to the ecosystem?
Responds and modifies to be part of the environment
Homozygous
Same
Define Genes
Sequence of DNA molecules contained in a thread like structure called chromosomes
If the earth were not spinning what would happen to the air?
The air would circulate in giant loops equator to pole
Define Weather
Short term current conditions (specific place and time)
Sea Water
Sodium and chlorine ions predominates and others like calcium precipitate out
What are Allopratric Species?
Species that are separated by location or time of activity and are thereby shunned from potential interbreeding
What are Sympatric Species?
Species that occupy the same are and may interbreed and may produce hybrids ◆horse+donkey=mule
What is air pressure due to?
The weight of the air above (Swimming pool)
What does Allopratric Speciation mean?
They are geographically isolated (barriers)
What does Sympatric Speciation mean?
They are reproductively isolated May result from development of polyploidy
How does water temperatures in streams vary?
They vary with FLOW RATE and EXPOSURE TO SUN
What are two important regions in terms of climate
Traposphere Stratosphere
Are humans part of the study of the ecological world?
Yes, they are part of the natural world and actively modify it to be part of the system
Define Atmospheric Pressure
◆Air Pressure ■ the amount of force excerted over a given area of surface