Biology Semester 1 Final

Why does DNA replication occur before mitosis and cell division? Be sure you answer addresses the following: the products of DNA replication the products of mitosis why replication must occur first.

All the phases within the cell cycle work together in a specific order to produce two identical daughter cells. DNA replication occurs before mitosis and cell division in order to produce two genetically identical daughter cells. When the DNA replicates it results in two sets of chromosomes and during cell division both daughter cells get a set. If mitosis and cell division occured before DNA replication the two daughter cells would be genetically different and only contain half of the genetic information from the parent cells.

Proteins are different based on the number and type of __________ contained in their polypeptide chain(s).

Amino acids

In a study of physical endurance, researchers observed significant increases in the heart rates and breathing rates of participants immediately after they engaged in strenuous exercise. Which statement best explains the increase in the heart rate and the breathing rate during exercise?

Body cells require increased oxygen as energy is expended.

Which of the following correctly identifies the elements found in nucleic acids?

CHONP

Monosaccharides are the monomer of which macromolecule?

Carbohydrate

This macromolecule is known for providing quick energy and can also be a structural component in plant cell walls

Carbohydrates

During photosynthesis, different gases move in and out of plant cells. Which phrase best represents the net flow of gases involved in photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide moves in; oxygen moves out .

Molecules that speed up chemical reactions without being used consumed by them are called

Catalysts

What does CER stand for?

Claim, Evidence, Reasoning

Select all the statements that are true of the Cell Theory? Cells are the most basic unit of life All organisms are made of cells Cells are found only in humans and animals All existing cells are produced by other living cells Cells spontaneously generate from matter

- Cells are the most basic unit of life - All organisms are made of cells - All existing cells are produced by other living cells

Suppose the green plants in this food web contains 23,333 kCal of energy. How much energy will the secondary consumer receive?

233.3 kCal

A cell with 12 chromosomes goes through 2 rounds of the cell cycle. How many total cells have been formed?; How many chromosomes will each new cell have?; The chromosomes in these new cells will be genetically different from the original cell?

4; 12; false

Which of the following BEST explains the difference between stem cells and differentiated cells?

Differentiated cells have a specific function, whereas stem cells do not.

Amylase speeds up the reaction in which starch is broken down into glucose. What kind of molecule is amylase?

Enzyme

Why does active transport require energy to move molecules of a substance across a cell membrane?

the substance moves from low to high concentration, against the concentration gradient

According to the passage, what is the main function of the cell membrane

to control what substances enter and exit the cell

What is the end result of the cell cycle?

two genetically identical cells

What are the three stages of interphase in the cell cycle?

G1, S, and G2

The cell membrane is an essential part of the cell. Which of these macromolecules make up the cell membrane?

Lipids- specifically phospholipids

Which statement best describes the composition and function of proteins in organisms?

Long chains of amino acids used for building, repair, and maintenance

According to the law of conservation of matter, matter is not created or destroyed. Yet, in an energy pyramid, the amount of biomass decreases as we move up the pyramid. Why?

Matter changes to other forms, like heat energy, that might not continue to be a part of the same food chain.

Human body temperature is 98.6°F and must be maintained for proper function of human body systems. Thermal homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain its stable internal body temperature. When it is cold, one way the human body maintains normal temperature, is to constrict blood vessels to conserve heat and to prevent sweat glands from secreting fluid.Other mammals maintain body temperature in cold climates in different ways. Otters maintain body temperature by trapping air pockets in their thick fur which insulates them from the cold. Harbor seals retain their heat with a thick layer of fat under the skin which insulates them from the cold. During an oil spill in a cold climate, sea otters have been found to be less likely to survive than harbor seals. Which best explains why sea otters are less likely than harbor seals to maintain homeostasis after an oil spill?

Oil penetrates the air pockets in sea otters' fur which interferes with their ability to be buoyant and stay above the water line.

Which statement provides the best explanation for the difference in biomass of organisms found at each trophic level?

Organisms at higher trophic levels have less energy available to them than organisms at lower trophic levels.

All living things have cells, either made of one cell or many. This characteristic of life is called ____.

Organization

Water is partially negative and partially positive. Molecules with partial charges are called what?

Polar

Starch is made up of long strands of the monosaccharide glucose. What term would be the best to describe they structure of starch?

Polysaccharide

Which macromolecule is considered the most diverse because it has many purposes within the cell, including facilitating chemical reactions via enzymes?

Protein

Which statement accurately describes the energy needs for photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Solar energy is needed for photosynthesis, and chemical energy in the form of glucose is needed for cellular respiration.

Which statement best describes why a cell spends the majority of its time in interphase?

The cell is growing and carrying out processes such as metabolism and DNA replication.

What do you think happens to the enzyme at the dotted line?

The enzyme is denatured

The cell membrane allows molecules to move in and out of the cell. This helps to maintain

homeostasis

The process of photosynthesis can be represented by the equation:

light + CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2

Use the description below to answer the question: Cell membranes Large biomolecule Many high energy bonds Nonpolar covalent bonds Includes waxes and steroids Consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen More energy per gram than other biomolecules The macromolecule described above is a

lipid

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? Enzymes...

lower the activation energy of chemical reactions.

Which macromolecule functions in storing and transmitting the instructions to make proteins?

nucleic acids

Biology is the study of living things. What is the term used to describe any living thing?

organism

Uses carbon dioxide Uses sunlight Produces oxygen Stores energy in sugar Makes glucose Takes place in the chloroplast

photosynthesis

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is accomplished through the attraction of water's partial charges. What is the charge of hydrogens in a water molecule?

positive

A researcher discovers a small molecule in muscle tissue that is rich in nitrogen, soluble in water, and lacks phosphorus. The molecule also contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in uneven ratios. The molecule must be a

protein

A student examined an unknown molecule that contained carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. No additional elements were found in the molecule.

protein

In the enzymatic reaction, the __________ is on the left of the arrow, while the products are to the right of the arrow. Hydrogen Peroxide ---> Water + Oxygen

reactant

Which word best describes the cell membrane?

semi-permeable

Certain insects have the ability to stand on top of ponds or lakes. Which property of water allows this phenomenon to occur?

surface tension

Oil does not dissolve when placed in water. Things that do not dissolve in water are said to be _____.

Hydrophobic

Solution with a higher solute concentration Water will leave the cell The cell will shrink

Hypertonic

Water will enter the cell The cell will swell Solution with a lower solute concentration

Hypotonic

How does interphase contribute to the cell cycle?

Interphase is when the cell grows and replicates its DNA and organelles.

The cell will remain the same Solution with an equal concentration Water will flow equally in and out of the cell

Isotonic

Dan decides one day to run a marathon without any training. After ten minutes has elapsed and Dan has run half a mile, he begins to feel pain in his thighs. He is also breathing very rapidly. What is causing the pain in Dan's legs?

Lactic acid build-up in his muscles due to lack of oxygen to his cells is causing the pain

A student walks to school in the morning when the outside temperature is 60°F. When the same student walks home after school, the outside temperature has dropped to 35°F. In this situation, how is thermal homeostasis maintained?

The student begins to shiver as a negative feedback mechanisms to increase the core body temperature.

Capillary action is a property of water. What is an example of capillary action?

Water being pulled up from a plant's roots to its leaves

Which type of cell transport requires the cell to use energy?

active transport

A cow eats grass all day. The cow's digestive system breaks down the grass and extracts the nutrients from it. Then those nutrients are used to build essential molecules in the cow's body. What characteristic of life best explains this phenomenon?

all living things need and use energy

As an adult, organisms stop growing, why is mitosis/ cell division still needed? regeneration, replacement of dead cells, replacement of cells that are worn out, all of the above

all of the above

Flammable materials, like alcohol, should never be dispensed or used near ______.

an open flame

Which organisms complete cellular respiration?

both plants and animals

The process of cellular respiration:

breaks down food molecules to release stored energy

Enzymes

can be destroyed (denatured) by variations in temperature and pH

Kayla had a breakfast that consisted of toast with cinnamon and sugar. Which macromolecule did she consume the most of?

carbohydrate

Releases energy from sugar Breaks down glucose Uses oxygen Takes place in the mitochondria Produces carbon dioxide Produces water

cellular respiration

Plant cells perform photosynthesis, which occurs in the _______.

chloroplast

Which plant cell organelle uses light energy to produce sugar in the process of photosynthesis?

chloroplast

The sun is considered the ultimate source of energy for most living organisms on Earth. Producers capture the sun's energy in their ________ through the process of _________ and store it as _________. Then both producers and consumers convert the sugar to ATP through the process of __________ which happens in the cell's ____________.

chloroplasts; photosynthesis; glucose; cellular respiration; mitochondria

The part of the microscope which moves the stage up and down, and is primarily used for the low power objective lens is called the ___________. The part of the microscope that is used for focusing on all objective lenses is called the ____________.

coarse adjustment knob; fine adjustment knob

_______ is a process by which cells begin to change and become specific types of cells. A groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function is called a(n) ________

differentiation; tissue

Animals, such as bears, store most of their excess energy reserves as _______, and this is explained because ____.

fat; they store twice as much energy as carbohydrates per gram.

__________ are lipids that store energy and are typically composed of multiple building blocks containing three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.

fats

Which of the following is NOT part of a nucleotide?

glycerol