Biology- test #2 review

Carbohydrates 1-should not comprise a large amount of the diet. 2-are mostly found in animal sources of food. 3-are stored as starch by animals. 4-are converted to glucose for transport in the blood. 5-are stored for insulation and protection of organs.

4-are converted to glucose for transport in the blood.

The number of ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration from one glucose molecule is A- 2-4. B- 26-28. C- 10-20. D- 36-38. E- 10-12.

A- 2-4.

.The light reactions produce ________, which are used in the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle produces ________, which are in turn used in the light reactions. A- ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP B- CO2 and H2O; glucose and O2 C- ATP and CO2; glucose and O2 D- glucose and O2; CO2 and H2O E- ADP and NADH; ATP and NADPH

A- ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP

ATP and NADPH are both used during the Calvin cycle. What is the function of each? A- ATP supplies energy and NADPH supplies electrons for reducing power. B- ATP supplies energy and NADPH fixes CO2 so it can enter the cycle. C- Both ATP and NADPH supply energy to the Calvin cycle. D- NADPH supplies energy and ATP supplies electrons for reducing power. E- ATP and NADPH are joined into the starter molecule, RuBP, to form glucose.

A- ATP supplies energy and NADPH supplies electrons for reducing power.

Which of the following organisms can perform photosynthesis? A- algae B- fungi C- animals D- invertebrates E- vertebrates

A- Algae

What two things are added to NADP+ to convert it into NADPH? A- H+ and electrons B- electrons and ATP C- H+ and ATP D- H+ and CO2 E- electrons and CO2

A- H+ and electrons

The _______ from the light reactions is used to reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate using energy derived from ______. A- NADPH; ATP B-NADP+; ATP C-RuBP; ATP D- NADPH; RuBP E- rubisco; RuBP

A- NADPH; ATP

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? A- cytoplasm B-mitochondrion C-matrix of mitochondrion D-cristae of mitochondrion E- nucleus

A- cytoplasm

The end product of the Calvin cycle reactions is A- glucose. B- glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). C-sucrose. D- 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). E- ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP).

A- glucose.

Which of the following is not a product of cellular respiration? A- oxygen B-water C-carbon dioxide D-ATP E- ADP

A- oxygen

The light-harvesting complexes of a chloroplast are located in the ________; the enzymes of the Calvin cycle reactions are located in the ________. A- thylakoid membrane; stroma B-stroma; thylakoid space C-thylakoid space; thylakoid membrane D-stroma; thylakoid membrane E- thylakoid space; stroma

A- thylakoid membrane; stroma

Glucose is a 6-carbon molecule. How is it changed as it moves through glycolysis? A-Electrons and hydrogen are removed, and the molecule rearranged to form two 3-carbon molecules. B- ATP is added, and the molecule rearranged to form three 2-carbon molecules. C- Electrons and hydrogen are removed, and the molecule rearranged to form three 2-carbon molecules. D- Electrons and hydrogen are removed, and the molecule rearranged to form three ATP molecules. E- ATP is added, and the molecule rearranged to form two 3-carbon molecules.

A-Electrons and hydrogen are removed, and the molecule rearranged to form two 3-carbon molecules.

A family took their newborn to the doctor. They were worried something was wrong because the baby seemed to be in constant pain. He had large amounts of lactic acid accumulating in his muscle cells. Doctors figured out that the child had a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. Which of the following statements explains what they found? A-The cells had been going through fermentation to produce energy. B-The muscles required small amounts of sugar to function. C-The muscles require extremely high levels of oxygen to function. D-The muscle cells cannot split glucose into pyruvic acid. E-The cells had died as a result of no mitochondria.

A-The cells had been going through fermentation to produce energy.

The product of the preparatory reaction is A-pyruvate. B-acetyl-CoA. C-glucose. D-water. E- carbon dioxide.

A-pyruvate.

Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy A-stored in food to energy stored in ATP. B-stored in ATP to energy used to do work. C-of sunlight to energy stored in inorganic compounds. D-stored in ATP to energy stored in food. E- stored in leaves to energy in food.

A-stored in food to energy stored in ATP.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration? A. glycolysis→preparatory reaction→citric acid cycle→electron transport chain B. citric acid cycle →electron transport→glycolysis→preparatory reaction C. glycolysis→ citric acid cycle→electron transport chain D. citric acid cycle →glycolysis→electron transport chain→preparatory reaction E. glycolysis→electron transport chain→preparatory reaction

A. glycolysis→preparatory reaction→citric acid cycle→electron transport chain

Which compounds link the light reactions with the Calvin cycle reactions? A..ATP and NADPH B..H+ and ATP C..G3P and ATP D..H+ and G3P E..G3P and NADPH

A..ATP and NADPH

9..In photosynthesis, the light reactions ________ while the Calvin cycle ________. A..capture solar energy; converts the captured energy to chemical potential energy B..can occur only in the light; can occur only in the dark C..require the presence of ATP; makes ATP D..can only function if the stomata are open; can only occur if the stomata are closed E..use products manufactured in the dark reactions; creates products used in the dark reactions

A..capture solar energy; converts the captured energy to chemical potential energy

...Enzymes are named based on the substrate that they bind. This is possible because A-enzymes all have the same shape. B- an enzyme binds one specific substrate. C- enzymes are used up in the reaction. D- an enzyme is only associated with one metabolic pathway. enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction.

B- an enzyme binds one specific substrate.

As a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of ________ ATPs. A-0 B-2 C-4 D-36 E-12

B-2

What molecule most directly provides the energy you need for your muscles to contract? A- glucose B-ATP C- NADH D-ADP E- oxygen

B-ATP

What happened to the hamburger you had for lunch? A-All of the carbohydrates were converted to ATP, while the fats and proteins were used to make molecules for the cell. B-Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins may be converted to ATP or used to make molecules for the cell. C-Carbohydrates and fats are converted to ATP, while proteins are used to make molecules for the cell. D-All of the fats and proteins were converted to ATP, while the carbohydrates were used to make molecules for the cell. E-All of the proteins were converted to ATP, while the fats and carbohydrates were used to make molecules for the cell.

B-Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins may be converted to ATP or used to make molecules for the cell.

Cellular respiration uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules into A-energy in other organic molecules. B-energy in ATP. C- energy in carbon dioxide. D-water. E- pyruvate.

B-energy in ATP.

What organelle is used during the process of cellular respiration? A-cytoplasm B-mitochondria C-chloroplast D-ribosomes E- cell membrane

B-mitochondria

..The changing of an enzyme's shape as the substrate binds to the active site is called the A..substrate binding theory. B..induced fit model. C..metabolic pathway. D..energy of activation. E..enzyme binding theory.

B..induced fit model.

A product of glycolysis is A- ethyl alcohol. B-lactic acid. C- pyruvate. D- oxygen. E- acetyl-CoA.

C- pyruvate.

What must pyruvate be converted into before it can enter the citric acid cycle? A-lactic acid B-ethyl alcohol C-acetyl-CoA D-citric acid E-pyruvate

C-acetyl-CoA

What cellular process uses oxygen to break food down, producing ATP? A-photosynthesis B-oxidation/reduction reactions C-cellular respiration D-mitosis E- meiosis

C-cellular respiration

Sucrose, cellulose, amino acids, and starch are all made from what starter molecule in plants? A- glucose B- fructose C-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) D- ATP E- RuBP carboxylase

C-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

In the energy payoff phase of glycolysis, both ATP and NADH are formed. What purpose do each of these molecules serve in the cell? A- ATP acts as a way to break up glucose to form pyruvate, while NADH serves as an electron acceptor. B- ATP acts as a power source for the citric acid cycle, while NADH serves as energy to run the cell. C. ATP acts as a power source for performing cellular work, while NADH serves as an electron carrier to allow for greater ATP production. D- ATP acts as an electron acceptor, while NADH serves as a way to break up glucose to form pyruvate. E- ATP acts as a power source for performing cellular work, while NADH acts as a power source for photosynthesis.

C. ATP acts as a power source for performing cellular work, while NADH serves as an electron carrier to allow for greater ATP production.

...Once the substrate moves into the active site of the enzyme, A..the enzyme breaks the substrate into three products. B..the two molecules fuse together to form the product. C..the enzyme alters in shape to more closely fit the substrate. D..the substrate alters shape to more closely fit the active site. E..the substrate and enzyme both alter shape to fit together.

C..the enzyme alters in shape to more closely fit the substrate

11..The light reactions act much as a battery to power the reactions of the Calvin cycle. This energy is stored as A- ATP and NADP+. B- ADP + Pi. C- ADP + Pi and NADP+. D- ATP and NADPH. E- NADPH and NADP+.

D- ATP and NADPH.

Which of the following is not derived from G3P? A-starch B- cellulose C- glucose phosphate D- NADP+ E- sucrose

D- NADP+

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are similar in that they both produce A- CO2. B-NADH. C-ATP. D-NADH and ATP. E-ADP.

D-NADH and ATP.

The cristae of a mitochondrion are critical A-in providing a space for glycolysis to occur. B-in creating a space for concentration of H+. C-as a site for the electron transport chain. D-both as a site for the electron transport chain and creating a space for concentration of H+. E- in providing a place for the Calvin cycle.

D-both as a site for the electron transport chain and creating a space for concentration of H+.

Cellular respiration is the opposite of what other cellular process? A- fermentation B-cell division C-hydrolysis D-photosynthesis E- dehydration synthesis

D-photosynthesis

...Enzymes are able to speed up the rate of a reaction by A..transferring electrons from one substance to another. B..binding substrates to a membrane. C..producing more enzymes. D..lowering the energy needed for the reaction to proceed. E..producing more substrates.

D..lowering the energy needed for the reaction to proceed.

7..The enzyme-rich solution found within the chloroplast is called the A..granum. B..chlorophyll. C..cytoplasm. D..stroma. E..cristae

D..stroma.

...The innermost compartment of a chloroplast formed by the interconnected thylakoids is the A..stroma. B..thylakoid membrane. C..chlorophyll. D..thylakoid space. E..leaf space.

D..thylakoid space.

In a high latitude rainforest, the dominant type of photosynthesis is most likely to be A- both C3 and CAM. B- C4. C- CAM. D- both C4 and CAM. E- C3.

E- C3.

The O2 given off during photosynthesis is derived from which compound? A- CO2 and H2O B- RuBP C- CO2 D- NADP+ E- H2O

E- H2O

Which of the following is an incorrect match of process to location? A- citric acid cycle - matrix of mitochondria B- glycolysis - cytoplasm C- ATP production in the electron transport chain - cristae of mitochondria D- H+ ion gradient - matrix of mitochondria E- preparatory reaction - cristae of mitochondria

E- preparatory reaction - cristae of mitochondria

The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to produce A- lactic acid. B-citric acid. C-alcohol. D-ADP. E-ATP.

E-ATP

Because of the nature of platelets, having a low platelet count can be cause for concern if which of the following were to occur? a- a deep cut b-a bacterial infection c-a viral infection d-a diet deficient in iron E- a parasitic worm infection

a- a deep cut

Increasing the size of the thoracic cavity through contraction of the diaphragm and rib muscles causes a-an inhalation. b-an exhalation. c-coughing. d-positive pressure in the lungs. E- swallowing

a- an inhalation.

What will occur if oxygen is not available in great enough quantity during cellular respiration? a-Cellular respiration will shift towards anaerobic respiration. b-The number of ATP produced will increase. c-Oxygen will start to diffuse at a greater rate in order to make up for the deficiency. d-Nothing will change since oxygen is not required for cellular respiration. e- CO2 will not be able to fix itself to the Calvin cycle.

a-Cellular respiration will shift towards anaerobic respiration.

Pulmonary arteries take a-O2-poor blood to the lungs. b-O2-rich blood to the lungs. c-O2-rich blood to the body. d-O2-poor blood to the right atrium. e-O2-poor blood to the body.

a-O2-poor blood to the lungs.

Which of the following statements is correct about the function of the pulmonary circulatory system? a-The pulmonary system is responsible for adding oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the red blood cells. b-The systemic system is responsible for adding oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the red blood cells. c-The pulmonary system is responsible for adding carbon dioxide and removing oxygen from the red blood cells. d-The pulmonary system is responsible for adding oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the white blood cells. e-The pulmonary system is responsible for adding oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the platelets.

a-The pulmonary system is responsible for adding oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the red blood cells.

The functional unit of the lungs where gas exchange occurs is the a-alveolus. b-bronchiole. c-sinus. d-glottis. e-trachea.

a-alveolus.

Energy needs are supplied by a-carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. b-micronutrients. c-antioxidants. d-fiber. e-essential amino acids.

a-carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

A neutrophil a-fights disease. b-forms a plug in damaged blood vessels. c-carries oxygen in the blood. d-releases clotting factors which stimulate the formation of a blood clot. e-carries carbon dioxide in the blood.

a-fights disease.

In an open circulatory system, a-hemolymph enters the heart via ostia. b-blood leaves the heart via venules. c-the heart has two or more chambers. d-nutrients are exchanged across the walls of capillaries. e-blood is pumped into cavities called ventricles.

a-hemolymph enters the heart via ostia.

In animals with four-chambered hearts, the left ventricle a-is larger as it pumps blood to the entire body. b-is larger as it pumps blood in the pulmonary circuit. c-pumps blood to the lungs. d-pumps blood to both the lungs and the body. e-pumps deoxygenated blood.

a-is larger as it pumps blood to the entire body.

Which of the following is the correct pathway of air into the lungs to the site of gas exchange? a-nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli b-bronchi - pharynx - larynx - trachea - nasal cavity - bronchioles - alveoli c-bronchi - pharynx - trachea - nasal cavity - bronchioles - alveoli - larynx d-nasal cavity - alveoli - bronchioles - bronchi - trachea - larynx - pharynx e- pharynx - trachea - nasal cavity - bronchioles - alveoli - larynx - bronchi

a-nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli

In the cardiac cycle, the diastole is the a-relaxation of heart muscle. b-contraction of the atria. c-closing of the atrioventricular valves. d-opening of the semilunar valves. e-contraction of the ventricles.

a-relaxation of heart muscle.

Which of the following minerals is typically overconsumed by Americans? a-sodium b-potassium c-iron d-cholesterol e-calcium

a-sodium

A neutrophil is a type of a-white blood cell. b-red blood cell. c-platelet. d-erythrocyte. e-cardiac muscle cell.

a-white blood cell.

A four-chambered heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries are found in a-all closed circulatory systems. b-some closed circulatory systems. c-some open circulatory systems. d-all open circulatory systems. e-mammals only.

b- some closed circulatory systems.

How many total ATP are produced during glycolysis? a-4 b-2 c-38 d-36 e-14

b-2

Which of the following is a healthy body mass index? a-20.3 b-26.6 c-29.2 d-32.8 e-41.5

b-26.6

Which one of the following statements is true about animals that do not have circulatory systems? a-They do not have tissues and organs. b-They may rely on diffusion for the transfer of gases, nutrients, and wastes. c-There are no animals without circulatory systems. d-They tend to have large bodies. e-The body cells are typically distant from the source of the oxygen, f-so the gas has to diffuse through several layers to reach all cells.

b-They may rely on diffusion for the transfer of gases, nutrients, and wastes.

The best definition of a nutrient is a-any food taken into the body. b-a food component which performs a physiological function in the body. c-a food component which can be stored in the body for future energy needs. d-an essential vitamin or mineral. e- a food component which enhances one's health.

b-a food component which performs a physiological function in the body.

Which of the following is not a function of the large intestine? a-storage of indigestible material b-absorption of water c-absorption of salts d-absorption of vitamin K e-absorption of amino acids

b-absorption of water

Proteins must be ingested in order to obtain a-necessary trans fats. b-essential amino acids. c-essential cholesterol. d-needed minerals such as potassium and magnesium. e-needed vitamins such as vitamin C.

b-essential amino acids.

The USDA recommends which type of food should compose the smallest percentage of our diet? a-fruits and vegetables b-fats and oils c-meat, eggs, and nuts d-breads and cereals e-dairy products

b-fats and oils

The pulmonary circuit in a closed circulatory system functions in a-nutrient absorption from the intestine. b-gas exchange in the lungs. c-waste disposal in the kidneys. d-creating proper blood pressure. e- distribution of nutrients to the body tissues.

b-gas exchange in the lungs.

If a person increases his food intake without increasing his energy need for metabolic functions or processing, what will he need to do in order to maintain his weight? a-decrease physical activity b-increase physical activity c-consume additional vitamins d-drink additional water e-drink less water

b-increase physical activity

The figure shown here represents a four-chambered heart. The blood in the chamber marked by "V" a-is rich in oxygen. b-is poor in oxygen. c-will next enter the left atrium. d-has come from the pulmonary veins. E- has come from the aorta.

b-is poor in oxygen.

The enzyme that converts pyruvic acid into acetyl-CoA requires vitamin B1, also called thiamine. Vitamin B1 has to be taken in through the diet of an individual. At what phase would cellular respiration come to a halt without B1? a-glycolysis b-preparatory reaction c-citric acid cycle d-electron transport chain e-carbon fixation

b-preparatory reaction

Neutrophils and monocytes are similar in that they both a-are types of erythrocytes. b-result in phagocytized pathogens. c-produce antibodies in response to pathogens. d-release kinins which attract platelets. e- are responsible for specific immunity.

b-result in phagocytized pathogens.

Fiber is important in the diet in a-providing glucose for cells. b-stimulating movements of the large intestine. c-assisting in fat digestion in the small intestine. d-aiding absorption of fats in the small intestine. e-providing essential amino acids.

b-stimulating movements of the large intestine.

In cellular respiration, most ATP are produced directly as a result of a-fermentation. b-the electron transport chain. c-the citric acid cycle. d-the preparatory stage. e-the Calvin cycle.

b-the electron transport chain.

Which process is used to make bread rise? a-lactic acid fermentation b-glycolysis c-alcoholic fermentation d-the citric acid cycle e-cellular respiration

c-alcoholic fermentation

Carbohydrates are typically broken down to a-maltose, the molecule stored for future energy needs. b-fructose, the molecule stored for future energy needs. c-glucose, the molecule used as the energy source in cells. d-glycogen, the molecule used as the energy source in cells. e- glucose, the molecule stored for future energy needs.

c-glucose, the molecule used as the energy source in cells.

The presence of salts and plasma proteins in capillaries causes a-a greater osmotic pressure than blood pressure at the arterial end. b-diffusion of water into the body tissues. c-greater osmotic pressure in the blood than in body tissues. d-slower flow of blood through capillaries. e-water to move out of the blood capillary at the venous end.

c-greater osmotic pressure in the blood than in body tissues.

Starch digestion begins in the _____ and protein digestion begins in the _____. a-mouth; small intestine b-stomach; small intestine c-mouth; stomach d-stomach; large intestine e-small intestine; stomach

c-mouth; stomach

Fermentation occurs if a-glucose is not present. b-excess ATP is present. c-oxygen is not present. d-carbon dioxide is present. e-carbon dioxide is not present.

c-oxygen is not present.

Which of the following is the correct path urine follows from internal structures to outside the body? a-renal cortex - urethra - urinary bladder - ureter b-urinary bladder - renal pelvis - ureter - urethra c-renal pelvis - ureter - urinary bladder - urethra d-ureter - renal pelvis - urinary bladder - urethra e-ureter - urinary bladder - renal pelvis - urethra

c-renal pelvis - ureter - urinary bladder - urethra

You have decided to try to make your own wine by adding yeast to a sweet grape juice. After allowing plenty of time for the yeast to grow, you find that although the sugar levels in the juice are decreased, there is no alcohol in the mixture. What could have been the reason fermentation did not occur? a-More sugar needs to be added. Yeast needs a lot of energy before it produces alcohol. b-Less sugar is needed in the juice. High sugar concentration causes cellular respiration to occur instead of fermentation. c-Yeast cannot ferment grapes, only bacteria can. d-The mixture needs less oxygen. Yeast only produces alcohol in the absence of oxygen. e-The mixture needs more carbon dioxide.

d-The mixture needs less oxygen. Yeast only produces alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

By-products of cellular respiration include a-FADH2 and NADH. b-NADH and ATP. c-oxygen and heat. d-carbon dioxide and water. e-carbon dioxide and oxygen.

d-carbon dioxide and water.

Micronutrients a-supply the body's energy needs. b-are needed in large quantities. c-include lipids and proteins. d-include vitamins and minerals. e-include carbohydrates.

d-include vitamins and minerals.

Which of the following collects all the venous blood from below the heart? a-pulmonary artery b-renal vein c-hepatic portal vein d-aorta e- inferior vena cava

e- inferior vena cava

Yeast is used to make bread rise by producing ________ during fermentation. a-oxygen b-heat c-oxygen gas d-glucose e-CO2 gas

e-CO2 gas

Where do the protons and electrons come from that are used in the electron transport chain? a-ATP b-NADH c-FADH2 d-ADP e-NADH and FADH2

e-NADH and FADH2

Which of the following is not part of a plan to maintain a healthy weight? a-physical activity b-a kilocalorie output equal to the kilocalorie input c-appropriate intake of vitamins and minerals d-moderate intake of fats e-a kilocalorie output less than the kilocalorie input

e-a kilocalorie output less than the kilocalorie input

The primary role in digestion of the structure indicated by "C" in the figure shown here is a-the mixing of ingested food with digestive juices. b-the production of saliva. c-the absorption of water and formation of feces. d-the majority of chemical digestion and absorption. e-the production of digestion enzymes that are released into the small intestine.

e-the production of digestion enzymes that are released into the small intestine.

In order for cells in multicellular organisms to exchange gases, a circulatory system must be present. true false

false

Grana are A- interconnecting stomata. B- flattened sacs of thylakoid membrane. C- pores that open to allow gas exchange. D- the sites of the Calvin cycle and production of sugars. E. enzymes that bind CO2

flattened sacs of thylakoid membrane.

One of the functions of blood is to help regulate body temperature. True false

true

Scientific testing has not been performed on many herbal supplements. True False

true