A&P Chapter 13-18
Cortisol
stimulates the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates.
A vaccine produces its effects by
stimulating a primary immune response.
In edema
tissues swell with fluid.
With age
levels of GH decrease but of ADH increase.
David has sustained severe damage to his liver in a car accident. Digestion of which nutrient will be most affected?
lipids
Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases risk of developing atherosclerosis?
low blood pressure
The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are
lymphocytes and macrophages.
Plasma proteins in capillaries help to
maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood
Tanisha has abdominal pains. Medical tests reveal that she can digest nutrients, but the nutrients are not taken in by the intestinal blood supply. She likely has
malabsorption
The mechanical breakup of food particles in the mouth is called
mastication
The hormone that the pineal gland secretes
melatonin
A newborn is protected against certain digestive and respiratory infections thanks to IgA from the mother's
milk
A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________.
molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones
The formed elements in the blood are
mostly red blood cells
Diapedesis is
movements of white blood cells out of the circulation.
The _______ is the layer of the alimentary canal that absorbs nutrients.
mucosa
The uvula is
a projection from the soft palate
The pineal gland is
attached to the thalamus
A large calorie (kilocalorie) equals the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water by ___ degree Celsius.
1
A hormone has a half-life of 20 minutes. After an hour, ___ percent of the original number of molecules remains.
12.5
What percentage of the US population is Rh negative?
15% of Caucasians and 5% of African Americans
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the digestion and absorption of lipids? 1. Formation of chylomicrons 2. Emulsification by bile 3. Dissolved in the epithelial cell membrane 4. Hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase 5. Movement into lacteal ducts
2,4,3,1,5
The normal white blood cell count is
4,500-10,000 cells per microliter of blood.
The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries about __ centimeters above its origin.
5
The heart pumps about ____ liters of blood a day and contracts about _____ times in a lifetime.
7000 liters:2.5 billion
Which is the most rare ABO blood type in the US?
AB
Hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex leads to
Addison's Disease
Which plasma protein is accurately described?
Beta globulins—transport of lipids and fat—soluble vitamins
Britney is 5'2" and weighs 130 pounds. Christina is 5'8" and weighs 140 pounds, Madonna is 5'6" and weighs 150, Rihanna is 5'10" and weighs 150, and Beyonce is 5'0" and weighs 120 pounds. Which woman has the lowest BMI?
Christina
Which of the following are cytokines?
Colony-stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor
The disorder of the large intestine that produces a "cobblestone" effect within the tissues of the colon is
Crohn's Disease
Deficiency of vitamin ___ causes osteomalacia.
D
_________ inhibits secretion of prolactin.
Dopamine from the hypothalamus
Stan takes vitamin supplements every day, buying whatever is on sale at the health food store. He develops nausea, headache, fatigue, easy bruising and bleeding. Which vitamin is he likely taking in excess?
E
Provitamins are special vitamins that elite athletes take.
False
The cecum is located at the inferior end of the descending colon.
False
The stomach is C-shaped and extends from the duodenum to the spleen.
False
The mechanism ensures that the volume of blood discharged from the heart is equal to the volume entering its chambers is described by ______ law of the heart.
Frank-Starling's
Inhibition of which hormone may help in weight loss?
Ghrelin
The anti-Rh factor is an example of an
IgG
Which trace element and function is correctly matched?
Iron:part of hemoglobin molecule
Treatment with antibiotic drugs is sometimes followed by a deficiency of vitamin
K
Receptor-mediated endocytosis removes _______ molecules from plasma, delivering cholesterol to the tissues.
LDL
Which of the following minerals is important in synthesizing and using ATP?
Magnesium
Which of the following is a monounsaturated fat?
Olive oil
What is the difference between serum and plasma?
Plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not.
In an ECG pattern, the PQ interval indicates how long it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the
SA node through the AV node
A transplant recipient may be able to eventually discontinue immunosuppressant drugs if
The recipient receives a well-matched transplant from the donor.
A set of primary teeth consists of 20 teeth, whereas a set of secondary teeth consists of 32 teeth.
True
Amino acids can be used to synthesize proteins for cellular structures and for energy, and to synthesize proteins that function in various body processes.
True
Pancreatic acinar cells secrete pancreatic juice.
True
Excess intake of which vitamin could possibly lead to irreversible renal damage?
Vitamin D
Secretion of insulin causes
a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.
Adiponectin is
a hormone made in fat tissue and secreted into the circulation, where it affects the response to insulin.
A pulmonary embolism is most likely caused by a clot reaching
a lung through a pulmonary artery
Which of the following is an agranulocyte?
a monocyte
Erythroblastosis fetalis may occur in
a second Rh-positive fetus developing in an Rh-negative woman.
Morris has lung cancer and is given the drug Avastin. His doctor says that the drug is a monoclonal antibody. This means that the drug consists of
a single type of antibody
Tim runs 5 to 8 miles a day. He has an enlarged heart and low heart rate and blood pressure. He most likely has
a very healthy cardiovascular system
Nonsteroid hormones cause _________________ in their target cells.
activation of adrenylate cyclase
Individuals at highest risk for developing anorexia nervosa are
adolescents
Which of the following is not required for the formation of a blood clot?
albumin
Blood volume varies with amount of adipose tissue. changes in electrolyte and fluid concentrations. body size. all of the above.
all of the above
Cushing syndrome is caused by hypersecretion of cortical hormones. decreases tissue protein. elevates sodium concentrations. all of the above.
all of the above
Factors that increase heart rate and blood pressure include emotional responses. exercise. increase in body temperature. all of the above.
all of the above
Factors that may affect the rate of absorption of certain medications with age include slowing of the exit of chyme from the stomach. slowing peristalsis. thinning of the stomach lining. all of the above.
all of the above
Feces contain electrolytes. undigested food. bacteria. all of the above.
all of the above
Functions of the liver include maintaining blood glucose concentration. formation of urea. secretion of bile. all of the above.
all of the above
Hormones from the adrenal medulla increase blood pressure. heart rate. breathing rate. all of the above.
all of the above
Hyperparathyroidism stimulates excessive osteoclast activity, softening bones. is most often caused by a tumor. increases risk of spontaneous fractures. all of the above.
all of the above
In diabetes mellitus, fatty acids and ketone bodies accumulate in the blood if untreated. insulin must be taken or drugs given that help the body to utilize insulin. the pancreas cannot produce insulin or the body cannot respond to it. all of the above.
all of the above
In leukemia the blood has too many immature leukocytes. the person has lowered resistance to infection. the blood has too few platelets all of the above.
all of the above
Inflammation is a response to ultraviolet light. infection. chemical exposure. all of the above.
all of the above
Medical conditions that affect the ability to obtain adequate nutrition include tooth decay. depression. periodontal disease. all of the above.
all of the above
Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis are prolonged periods of staying still in one position. use of oral contraceptives or estrogen. dehydration. all of the above.
all of the above
The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ. contains nodules similar to lymphatic nodules. contains many phagocytes. all of the above.
all of the above
Nonprotein nitrogenous substances include amino acids. urea. creatinine. all of the above.
all of the above.
Once cells in the SA node reach threshold,
an action potential is triggered
Graves disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism, is caused by
an autoimmune disorder
Secretion of glucagon causes
an increase in the concentration of blood glucose
Target cells for releasing hormones are in the
anterior pituitary gland
The structures that contain chemoreceptors that detect blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide are the
aortic bodies
Impulses that the vagus nerve carries to the heart
are parasympathetic and decrease heart rate
The epithelial cells that form the inner lining of the small intestine
are replaced every few days
Heart valve cells can be damaged through
autoimmunity
Which of the following usually accounts for the smallest percentage of leukocytes in a blood sample?
basophils
The antibodies produced in allergic reactions
belong to the immunoglobulin E group.
Gallstones may form if
bile is too concentrated.
"Formed elements" are
blood cells and platelets
A person who is stressed usually has increased
blood pressure
A sphygmomanometer measures
blood pressure
The main part of the stomach is called the
body
Because of their location, swollen palatine tonsils may interfere with
both breathing and swallowing
The radial and ulnar veins merge to form the _______ vein.
brachial
In mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve
bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.
A left ventricular assist device
can maintain cardiac function until a donor heart becomes available.
Salivary amylase digests
carbohydrates
Vanessa takes many vitamin supplements, claiming that they give her energy. She is mistaken, because cells preferentially use _______ for energy.
carbohydrates
A nonsteroid hormone acts on a target cell by
causing synthesis of a second messenger.
T lymphocytes are responsible for
cell-mediated immunity.
In an autoimmune disease, the immune response is directed toward
cells of the body ("self")
An X-rays series of the bile ducts is called a
cholecystogram
Which of the following helps return blood to the heart?
contracting skeletal muscles
The order in which HIV breaches barriers and affects immunity is
crossing the mucosal barrier, then entering macrophages, then entering helper T cells, then cytotoxic T cells.
Platelets are best described as
cytoplasmic fragments of cells
As a result of starvation or a protein-deficient diet, blood protein concentration
decreases and water accumulates in tissue spaces
Cortisol is useful in controlling inflammation reactions because it
decreases the permeability of capillaries.
Edith suffers from severe heartburn. She goes to her physician and is diagnosed with a hiatal hernia. This condition affects her
diaphragm
Which of the following is not a mechanical barrier against microorganisms?
diarrhea
A steroid hormone acts on a target cell by
directly causing protein synthesis
Hormones regulate metabolism. have functions in growth, reproduction, and development. help regulate water and electrolyte balance and blood pressure. do all of the above.
do all of the above
Lydia is taking an antihistamine for her allergies and develops xerostomia. She has
dry mouth
Which of the following provide(s) a source of complete proteins?
eggs
The supratrochlear lymph nodes are located near the
elbow
Bile salts function like detergents in that they ___________ fat globules.
emulsify
The inner lining of the heart is the
endocardium
Heartburn is usually caused by the effects of gastric juice on the
esophagus
Blood from the face and scalp is drained by the
external jugular vein
A platelet plug is formed when fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.
false
Excess potassium
is excreted in urine
AIDS is caused by a virus that attacks complement enzymes.
false
An autocrine secretion affects cells far away
false
An injection of synthetic antibodies imparts active immunity.
false
Arteries are strong, elastic vessels that carry blood to the heart.
false
Bile is composed of HCl, pepsin, mucus, and intrinsic factor.
false
Blood is a type of epithelial tissue.
false
Carbohydrates include cholesterol and phospholipids.
false
Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the systolic blood pressure.
false
Cholesterol functions in the body as an energy source, and furnishes molecular components for the synthesis of various sex hormones.
false
Cyanocobalamin is found exclusively in plants.
false
Essential amino acids are those required by the body to build proteins, whereas nonessential amino acids are not required by the body to build proteins.
false
Glucagon is also called hypoglycemic factor.
false
Gram for gram, carbohydrate provides about twice as much energy as protein.
false
Intake of at least 10 grams of carbohydrate is needed daily to avoid protein breakdown.
false
Kwashiorkor tends to affect adolescent girls from well-to-do families who perceive themselves as being too fat.
false
Neuropeptide Y is secreted in the stomach and suppresses appetite.
false
Nonsteroid hormones include peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and amines
false
Parathyroid hormone stimulates the activity of bone-resorbing osteoblasts.
false
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that affects the skeletal muscles only.
false
The aorta is the largest artery in the pulmonary circuit.
false
The most abundant major minerals are potassium and sodium.
false
The sex hormones from the adrenal cortex are primarily androgens.
false
The thalamus controls secretion of pituitary hormones.
false
Vitamin B12 is important for the production of red blood cells because it is utilized in the synthesis of intrinsic factor.
false
Vitamin D deficiency in children produces scurvy.
false
The skeleton of the heart consists of
fibrous connective tissue encircling the atrioventricular orifices.
Which of the following hormones primarily affects the reproductive organs?
follicle stimulating hormone
Tissue fluid is ______ and lymph is ______.
forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries
The liver
forms glucose from noncarbohydrates.
A triglyceride consists of
glycerol and three fatty acids.
________ provides short-term energy after cellular glucose supplies are depleted.
glycogen
The longest vein in the body is the
great saphenous vein
A vaccine can halt an infection in a population in which most everyone is vaccinated, due to
herd immunity.
The parietal cells of gastric glands secrete
hydrochloric acid
Maxwell has a very high metabolic rate, is skinny, and has protruding eyes. These are symptoms of
hyperthyroidism
Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the
hypothalamus
The _______ is the part of the digestive tract that has the most lymph nodules and bacteria.
ileum
The teeth that are best adapted for biting off hunks of food are the
incisors
Which of the following is not a normal response to physical exercise?
increased blood flow to the abdominal viscera
Low-grade fever is an effective defense for short periods of time because it
increases temperature, which slows the growth of bacteria.
Athletes abuse erythropoeitin (EPO) because it
increases the red blood cell supply, which brings more oxygen to muscle cells.
The formation of lymph increases as a result of
increasing hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid
Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by
increasing peripheral resistance
Henry has a cut on his thigh that becomes infected. The lymph nodes in his __________ enlarge.
inguinal region
"Endocrine" means
internal secretion
Prothrombin time is a blood test used to evaluate
intrinsic clotting mechanism
Vitamin B12 is poorly absorbed in the absence of
intrinsic factor
Vitamin K
is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin
The correct sequence for the layers in the walls of the alimentary canal from innermost to outermost is the
mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa.
In addition to a drop in blood calcium concentration, a symptom of hypoparathyroidism is
muscle cramps
The type of resistance that is acquired as a result of developing a disease is
naturally acquired active immunity.
Which of the following are most active as phagocytes?
neutrophils
Which two mature blood cell types descend from myeloblasts?
neutrophils and basophils
A hormone that the adrenal medulla secretes is mineralocorticoid. glucocorticoid. aldosterone. none of the above.
none of the above
All hormones are
organic compounds
It is good that Emily does not remember being a newborn, because she was miserable, vomiting frequently. An X-ray revealed hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The problem in Emily's digestive system, before surgery helped her, was
overgrowth of muscle that blocked the passageway from the stomach to the small intestine.
Disease-causing agents are called
pathogens
The condition associated with lack of intrinsic factor and decreased absorption of cyanobalamin is
pernicious anemia.
Marianne has small, bruise-like spots on her skin and a low platelet count. These blemishes are most likely
petechiae
People suffering mineral deficiencies sometimes compulsively eat non-nutritive substances, such as laundry starch, dirt, hair, and clay. This condition is called
pica
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the formation of melanin, is produced by the
pineal gland
Lymph differs from plasma in that
plasma has more protein than lymph.
Thrombocytopenia is due to a deficiency of
platelets
Which of the following formed elements releases serotonin?
platelets
Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion?
prolactin
Kwashiorkor may develop in children who have dietary deficiencies of
proteins
Foreign particles that are injected into the skin enter the lymphatic system
rapidly.
The biconcave cells in blood that lack nuclei when they are mature are the
red blood cells
Drugs used to reduce the tissue rejection reaction following the transplantation of tissue from one person to another
reduce the recipient's immune response
In an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by
repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers
The spleen
resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules.
The primary functions of lymph include
returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes.
Blood flow to the right side of the heart muscle decreases due to constriction of the _____, and decreased blood flow to the heart tissue can result in _____.
right coronary artery; ischemia
The major mixing movement in the small intestine is accomplished by
segmentation
Genotyping differs from serology in that
serology detects diverse antigens, whereas genotyping detects the underlying genetic instructions for those antigens.
Blood vessel spasms following an injury are stimulated by
serotonin released from platelets
Over-the-counter antacids usually include
sodium, aluminum, calcium, or magnesium.
Bruce has colorectal cancer that has spread to his lymphatic system. He is given a drug that is an angiogenesis inhibitor. The drug works by
starving tumors by cutting off their blood supply
Sympathetic stimulation increases
stroke volume
Which of the following supplies blood to parts of the intestinal tract?
superior mesenteric artery
What is the substance in tea that binds iron, reducing the amount absorbed?
tannic acid
Which of the following drinks reduces the amount of iron absorbed from food?
tea
The final step in the formation of a blood clot is
that thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
_________ initiate(s) a cascade effect in response to foreign proteins in the body.
the complement system
The parotid glands are
the largest salivary glands
The alimentary canal extends, in its entirety, from
the mouth of the anus
An upregulated cell has an increase in
the number of receptors available for binding
The greater omentum is composed of
the peritoneal membrane.
The right atrium receives blood directly from
the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
Changes in the mouth associated with aging include
thinning enamel
A blood clot that forms abnormally in a blood vessel is a(n)
thrombus
Listening with a stethoscope just to the right near the lower end of the sternum, sounds come most distinctly from the
tricuspid valve
A group of girls at a middle school are all suffering from anorexia nervosa. One girl's counselor tells her that it is a serious illness, from which 15 to 21 percent of sufferers die. The counselor is correct.
true
About 75% of the minerals in the body are in bones and teeth as calcium and phosphorus, and homeostatic mechanisms regulate their concentrations.
true
Autoimmune diseases are more common in older people.
true
Capillary walls consist of a single layer of epithelial cells, and they exchange substances in the blood for substances in the tissue fluid surrounding body cells.
true
Dietary minerals are organic molecules.
true
Histamine increases capillary membrane permeability, which can result in an edematous and painful condition.
true
In active immunity, a person becomes immune to a pathogen as a result of having a disease.
true
Innate defenses include mechanical and chemical barriers, whereas adaptive defenses counter specific disease-causing agents.
true
Lymphatic capillaries are thin-walled, closed-ended tubes.
true
Metarterioles connect arterioles and venules, and allow blood to bypass the capillaries.
true
Muscle contraction moves lymph through lymphatic vessels.
true
Plasma contains fibrinogen, serum does not.
true
The apical heartbeat is heard by listening between the fifth and sixth ribs about 7.5 cm left of the midline.
true
The chamber of the mouth between the tongue and the palate is the vestibule.
true
The great saphenous vein is the longest vein in the body.
true
The liver functions in fat metabolism to control the amounts of glucose, amino acids, and iron released into the blood.
true
The movement of chyme through the small intestine is increased by parasympathetic impulses and is inhibited by sympathetic impulses.
true
The target cells of releasing hormones are in the anterior pituitary gland.
true
Venules continue from capillaries to form veins, which return blood to the atria.
true
Vitamin A is an antioxidant.
true
Vitamin D deficiency, especially in older people, results from lack of exposure to the sun.
true
Another name for antidiuretic hormone is
vasopressin
The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n)
vein
After lymph leaves the collecting ducts, it enters _____ and becomes part of the ______.
veins; plasma
Which of the following is most life threatening?
ventricular fibrillation
The blood pressure in the large systemic arteries is greatest during
ventricular systole
Interferon is a group of hormonelike peptides that cells produce in response to
viruses
Intrinsic factor regulates the absorption of
vitamin B12.
