A&P Chapter 13-18

Cortisol

stimulates the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates.

A vaccine produces its effects by

stimulating a primary immune response.

In edema

tissues swell with fluid.

With age

levels of GH decrease but of ADH increase.

David has sustained severe damage to his liver in a car accident. Digestion of which nutrient will be most affected?

lipids

Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases risk of developing atherosclerosis?

low blood pressure

The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are

lymphocytes and macrophages.

Plasma proteins in capillaries help to

maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood

Tanisha has abdominal pains. Medical tests reveal that she can digest nutrients, but the nutrients are not taken in by the intestinal blood supply. She likely has

malabsorption

The mechanical breakup of food particles in the mouth is called

mastication

The hormone that the pineal gland secretes

melatonin

A newborn is protected against certain digestive and respiratory infections thanks to IgA from the mother's

milk

A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________.

molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones

The formed elements in the blood are

mostly red blood cells

Diapedesis is

movements of white blood cells out of the circulation.

The _______ is the layer of the alimentary canal that absorbs nutrients.

mucosa

The uvula is

a projection from the soft palate

The pineal gland is

attached to the thalamus

A large calorie (kilocalorie) equals the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water by ___ degree Celsius.

1

A hormone has a half-life of 20 minutes. After an hour, ___ percent of the original number of molecules remains.

12.5

What percentage of the US population is Rh negative?

15% of Caucasians and 5% of African Americans

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the digestion and absorption of lipids? 1. Formation of chylomicrons 2. Emulsification by bile 3. Dissolved in the epithelial cell membrane 4. Hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase 5. Movement into lacteal ducts

2,4,3,1,5

The normal white blood cell count is

4,500-10,000 cells per microliter of blood.

The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries about __ centimeters above its origin.

5

The heart pumps about ____ liters of blood a day and contracts about _____ times in a lifetime.

7000 liters:2.5 billion

Which is the most rare ABO blood type in the US?

AB

Hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex leads to

Addison's Disease

Which plasma protein is accurately described?

Beta globulins—transport of lipids and fat—soluble vitamins

Britney is 5'2" and weighs 130 pounds. Christina is 5'8" and weighs 140 pounds, Madonna is 5'6" and weighs 150, Rihanna is 5'10" and weighs 150, and Beyonce is 5'0" and weighs 120 pounds. Which woman has the lowest BMI?

Christina

Which of the following are cytokines?

Colony-stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor

The disorder of the large intestine that produces a "cobblestone" effect within the tissues of the colon is

Crohn's Disease

Deficiency of vitamin ___ causes osteomalacia.

D

_________ inhibits secretion of prolactin.

Dopamine from the hypothalamus

Stan takes vitamin supplements every day, buying whatever is on sale at the health food store. He develops nausea, headache, fatigue, easy bruising and bleeding. Which vitamin is he likely taking in excess?

E

Provitamins are special vitamins that elite athletes take.

False

The cecum is located at the inferior end of the descending colon.

False

The stomach is C-shaped and extends from the duodenum to the spleen.

False

The mechanism ensures that the volume of blood discharged from the heart is equal to the volume entering its chambers is described by ______ law of the heart.

Frank-Starling's

Inhibition of which hormone may help in weight loss?

Ghrelin

The anti-Rh factor is an example of an

IgG

Which trace element and function is correctly matched?

Iron:part of hemoglobin molecule

Treatment with antibiotic drugs is sometimes followed by a deficiency of vitamin

K

Receptor-mediated endocytosis removes _______ molecules from plasma, delivering cholesterol to the tissues.

LDL

Which of the following minerals is important in synthesizing and using ATP?

Magnesium

Which of the following is a monounsaturated fat?

Olive oil

What is the difference between serum and plasma?

Plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not.

In an ECG pattern, the PQ interval indicates how long it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the

SA node through the AV node

A transplant recipient may be able to eventually discontinue immunosuppressant drugs if

The recipient receives a well-matched transplant from the donor.

A set of primary teeth consists of 20 teeth, whereas a set of secondary teeth consists of 32 teeth.

True

Amino acids can be used to synthesize proteins for cellular structures and for energy, and to synthesize proteins that function in various body processes.

True

Pancreatic acinar cells secrete pancreatic juice.

True

Excess intake of which vitamin could possibly lead to irreversible renal damage?

Vitamin D

Secretion of insulin causes

a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.

Adiponectin is

a hormone made in fat tissue and secreted into the circulation, where it affects the response to insulin.

A pulmonary embolism is most likely caused by a clot reaching

a lung through a pulmonary artery

Which of the following is an agranulocyte?

a monocyte

Erythroblastosis fetalis may occur in

a second Rh-positive fetus developing in an Rh-negative woman.

Morris has lung cancer and is given the drug Avastin. His doctor says that the drug is a monoclonal antibody. This means that the drug consists of

a single type of antibody

Tim runs 5 to 8 miles a day. He has an enlarged heart and low heart rate and blood pressure. He most likely has

a very healthy cardiovascular system

Nonsteroid hormones cause _________________ in their target cells.

activation of adrenylate cyclase

Individuals at highest risk for developing anorexia nervosa are

adolescents

Which of the following is not required for the formation of a blood clot?

albumin

Blood volume varies with amount of adipose tissue. changes in electrolyte and fluid concentrations. body size. all of the above.

all of the above

Cushing syndrome is caused by hypersecretion of cortical hormones. decreases tissue protein. elevates sodium concentrations. all of the above.

all of the above

Factors that increase heart rate and blood pressure include emotional responses. exercise. increase in body temperature. all of the above.

all of the above

Factors that may affect the rate of absorption of certain medications with age include slowing of the exit of chyme from the stomach. slowing peristalsis. thinning of the stomach lining. all of the above.

all of the above

Feces contain electrolytes. undigested food. bacteria. all of the above.

all of the above

Functions of the liver include maintaining blood glucose concentration. formation of urea. secretion of bile. all of the above.

all of the above

Hormones from the adrenal medulla increase blood pressure. heart rate. breathing rate. all of the above.

all of the above

Hyperparathyroidism stimulates excessive osteoclast activity, softening bones. is most often caused by a tumor. increases risk of spontaneous fractures. all of the above.

all of the above

In diabetes mellitus, fatty acids and ketone bodies accumulate in the blood if untreated. insulin must be taken or drugs given that help the body to utilize insulin. the pancreas cannot produce insulin or the body cannot respond to it. all of the above.

all of the above

In leukemia the blood has too many immature leukocytes. the person has lowered resistance to infection. the blood has too few platelets all of the above.

all of the above

Inflammation is a response to ultraviolet light. infection. chemical exposure. all of the above.

all of the above

Medical conditions that affect the ability to obtain adequate nutrition include tooth decay. depression. periodontal disease. all of the above.

all of the above

Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis are prolonged periods of staying still in one position. use of oral contraceptives or estrogen. dehydration. all of the above.

all of the above

The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ. contains nodules similar to lymphatic nodules. contains many phagocytes. all of the above.

all of the above

Nonprotein nitrogenous substances include amino acids. urea. creatinine. all of the above.

all of the above.

Once cells in the SA node reach threshold,

an action potential is triggered

Graves disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism, is caused by

an autoimmune disorder

Secretion of glucagon causes

an increase in the concentration of blood glucose

Target cells for releasing hormones are in the

anterior pituitary gland

The structures that contain chemoreceptors that detect blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide are the

aortic bodies

Impulses that the vagus nerve carries to the heart

are parasympathetic and decrease heart rate

The epithelial cells that form the inner lining of the small intestine

are replaced every few days

Heart valve cells can be damaged through

autoimmunity

Which of the following usually accounts for the smallest percentage of leukocytes in a blood sample?

basophils

The antibodies produced in allergic reactions

belong to the immunoglobulin E group.

Gallstones may form if

bile is too concentrated.

"Formed elements" are

blood cells and platelets

A person who is stressed usually has increased

blood pressure

A sphygmomanometer measures

blood pressure

The main part of the stomach is called the

body

Because of their location, swollen palatine tonsils may interfere with

both breathing and swallowing

The radial and ulnar veins merge to form the _______ vein.

brachial

In mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve

bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.

A left ventricular assist device

can maintain cardiac function until a donor heart becomes available.

Salivary amylase digests

carbohydrates

Vanessa takes many vitamin supplements, claiming that they give her energy. She is mistaken, because cells preferentially use _______ for energy.

carbohydrates

A nonsteroid hormone acts on a target cell by

causing synthesis of a second messenger.

T lymphocytes are responsible for

cell-mediated immunity.

In an autoimmune disease, the immune response is directed toward

cells of the body ("self")

An X-rays series of the bile ducts is called a

cholecystogram

Which of the following helps return blood to the heart?

contracting skeletal muscles

The order in which HIV breaches barriers and affects immunity is

crossing the mucosal barrier, then entering macrophages, then entering helper T cells, then cytotoxic T cells.

Platelets are best described as

cytoplasmic fragments of cells

As a result of starvation or a protein-deficient diet, blood protein concentration

decreases and water accumulates in tissue spaces

Cortisol is useful in controlling inflammation reactions because it

decreases the permeability of capillaries.

Edith suffers from severe heartburn. She goes to her physician and is diagnosed with a hiatal hernia. This condition affects her

diaphragm

Which of the following is not a mechanical barrier against microorganisms?

diarrhea

A steroid hormone acts on a target cell by

directly causing protein synthesis

Hormones regulate metabolism. have functions in growth, reproduction, and development. help regulate water and electrolyte balance and blood pressure. do all of the above.

do all of the above

Lydia is taking an antihistamine for her allergies and develops xerostomia. She has

dry mouth

Which of the following provide(s) a source of complete proteins?

eggs

The supratrochlear lymph nodes are located near the

elbow

Bile salts function like detergents in that they ___________ fat globules.

emulsify

The inner lining of the heart is the

endocardium

Heartburn is usually caused by the effects of gastric juice on the

esophagus

Blood from the face and scalp is drained by the

external jugular vein

A platelet plug is formed when fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.

false

Excess potassium

is excreted in urine

AIDS is caused by a virus that attacks complement enzymes.

false

An autocrine secretion affects cells far away

false

An injection of synthetic antibodies imparts active immunity.

false

Arteries are strong, elastic vessels that carry blood to the heart.

false

Bile is composed of HCl, pepsin, mucus, and intrinsic factor.

false

Blood is a type of epithelial tissue.

false

Carbohydrates include cholesterol and phospholipids.

false

Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the systolic blood pressure.

false

Cholesterol functions in the body as an energy source, and furnishes molecular components for the synthesis of various sex hormones.

false

Cyanocobalamin is found exclusively in plants.

false

Essential amino acids are those required by the body to build proteins, whereas nonessential amino acids are not required by the body to build proteins.

false

Glucagon is also called hypoglycemic factor.

false

Gram for gram, carbohydrate provides about twice as much energy as protein.

false

Intake of at least 10 grams of carbohydrate is needed daily to avoid protein breakdown.

false

Kwashiorkor tends to affect adolescent girls from well-to-do families who perceive themselves as being too fat.

false

Neuropeptide Y is secreted in the stomach and suppresses appetite.

false

Nonsteroid hormones include peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and amines

false

Parathyroid hormone stimulates the activity of bone-resorbing osteoblasts.

false

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that affects the skeletal muscles only.

false

The aorta is the largest artery in the pulmonary circuit.

false

The most abundant major minerals are potassium and sodium.

false

The sex hormones from the adrenal cortex are primarily androgens.

false

The thalamus controls secretion of pituitary hormones.

false

Vitamin B12 is important for the production of red blood cells because it is utilized in the synthesis of intrinsic factor.

false

Vitamin D deficiency in children produces scurvy.

false

The skeleton of the heart consists of

fibrous connective tissue encircling the atrioventricular orifices.

Which of the following hormones primarily affects the reproductive organs?

follicle stimulating hormone

Tissue fluid is ______ and lymph is ______.

forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries

The liver

forms glucose from noncarbohydrates.

A triglyceride consists of

glycerol and three fatty acids.

________ provides short-term energy after cellular glucose supplies are depleted.

glycogen

The longest vein in the body is the

great saphenous vein

A vaccine can halt an infection in a population in which most everyone is vaccinated, due to

herd immunity.

The parietal cells of gastric glands secrete

hydrochloric acid

Maxwell has a very high metabolic rate, is skinny, and has protruding eyes. These are symptoms of

hyperthyroidism

Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the

hypothalamus

The _______ is the part of the digestive tract that has the most lymph nodules and bacteria.

ileum

The teeth that are best adapted for biting off hunks of food are the

incisors

Which of the following is not a normal response to physical exercise?

increased blood flow to the abdominal viscera

Low-grade fever is an effective defense for short periods of time because it

increases temperature, which slows the growth of bacteria.

Athletes abuse erythropoeitin (EPO) because it

increases the red blood cell supply, which brings more oxygen to muscle cells.

The formation of lymph increases as a result of

increasing hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid

Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by

increasing peripheral resistance

Henry has a cut on his thigh that becomes infected. The lymph nodes in his __________ enlarge.

inguinal region

"Endocrine" means

internal secretion

Prothrombin time is a blood test used to evaluate

intrinsic clotting mechanism

Vitamin B12 is poorly absorbed in the absence of

intrinsic factor

Vitamin K

is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin

The correct sequence for the layers in the walls of the alimentary canal from innermost to outermost is the

mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa.

In addition to a drop in blood calcium concentration, a symptom of hypoparathyroidism is

muscle cramps

The type of resistance that is acquired as a result of developing a disease is

naturally acquired active immunity.

Which of the following are most active as phagocytes?

neutrophils

Which two mature blood cell types descend from myeloblasts?

neutrophils and basophils

A hormone that the adrenal medulla secretes is mineralocorticoid. glucocorticoid. aldosterone. none of the above.

none of the above

All hormones are

organic compounds

It is good that Emily does not remember being a newborn, because she was miserable, vomiting frequently. An X-ray revealed hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The problem in Emily's digestive system, before surgery helped her, was

overgrowth of muscle that blocked the passageway from the stomach to the small intestine.

Disease-causing agents are called

pathogens

The condition associated with lack of intrinsic factor and decreased absorption of cyanobalamin is

pernicious anemia.

Marianne has small, bruise-like spots on her skin and a low platelet count. These blemishes are most likely

petechiae

People suffering mineral deficiencies sometimes compulsively eat non-nutritive substances, such as laundry starch, dirt, hair, and clay. This condition is called

pica

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the formation of melanin, is produced by the

pineal gland

Lymph differs from plasma in that

plasma has more protein than lymph.

Thrombocytopenia is due to a deficiency of

platelets

Which of the following formed elements releases serotonin?

platelets

Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion?

prolactin

Kwashiorkor may develop in children who have dietary deficiencies of

proteins

Foreign particles that are injected into the skin enter the lymphatic system

rapidly.

The biconcave cells in blood that lack nuclei when they are mature are the

red blood cells

Drugs used to reduce the tissue rejection reaction following the transplantation of tissue from one person to another

reduce the recipient's immune response

In an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by

repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers

The spleen

resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules.

The primary functions of lymph include

returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes.

Blood flow to the right side of the heart muscle decreases due to constriction of the _____, and decreased blood flow to the heart tissue can result in _____.

right coronary artery; ischemia

The major mixing movement in the small intestine is accomplished by

segmentation

Genotyping differs from serology in that

serology detects diverse antigens, whereas genotyping detects the underlying genetic instructions for those antigens.

Blood vessel spasms following an injury are stimulated by

serotonin released from platelets

Over-the-counter antacids usually include

sodium, aluminum, calcium, or magnesium.

Bruce has colorectal cancer that has spread to his lymphatic system. He is given a drug that is an angiogenesis inhibitor. The drug works by

starving tumors by cutting off their blood supply

Sympathetic stimulation increases

stroke volume

Which of the following supplies blood to parts of the intestinal tract?

superior mesenteric artery

What is the substance in tea that binds iron, reducing the amount absorbed?

tannic acid

Which of the following drinks reduces the amount of iron absorbed from food?

tea

The final step in the formation of a blood clot is

that thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

_________ initiate(s) a cascade effect in response to foreign proteins in the body.

the complement system

The parotid glands are

the largest salivary glands

The alimentary canal extends, in its entirety, from

the mouth of the anus

An upregulated cell has an increase in

the number of receptors available for binding

The greater omentum is composed of

the peritoneal membrane.

The right atrium receives blood directly from

the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.

Changes in the mouth associated with aging include

thinning enamel

A blood clot that forms abnormally in a blood vessel is a(n)

thrombus

Listening with a stethoscope just to the right near the lower end of the sternum, sounds come most distinctly from the

tricuspid valve

A group of girls at a middle school are all suffering from anorexia nervosa. One girl's counselor tells her that it is a serious illness, from which 15 to 21 percent of sufferers die. The counselor is correct.

true

About 75% of the minerals in the body are in bones and teeth as calcium and phosphorus, and homeostatic mechanisms regulate their concentrations.

true

Autoimmune diseases are more common in older people.

true

Capillary walls consist of a single layer of epithelial cells, and they exchange substances in the blood for substances in the tissue fluid surrounding body cells.

true

Dietary minerals are organic molecules.

true

Histamine increases capillary membrane permeability, which can result in an edematous and painful condition.

true

In active immunity, a person becomes immune to a pathogen as a result of having a disease.

true

Innate defenses include mechanical and chemical barriers, whereas adaptive defenses counter specific disease-causing agents.

true

Lymphatic capillaries are thin-walled, closed-ended tubes.

true

Metarterioles connect arterioles and venules, and allow blood to bypass the capillaries.

true

Muscle contraction moves lymph through lymphatic vessels.

true

Plasma contains fibrinogen, serum does not.

true

The apical heartbeat is heard by listening between the fifth and sixth ribs about 7.5 cm left of the midline.

true

The chamber of the mouth between the tongue and the palate is the vestibule.

true

The great saphenous vein is the longest vein in the body.

true

The liver functions in fat metabolism to control the amounts of glucose, amino acids, and iron released into the blood.

true

The movement of chyme through the small intestine is increased by parasympathetic impulses and is inhibited by sympathetic impulses.

true

The target cells of releasing hormones are in the anterior pituitary gland.

true

Venules continue from capillaries to form veins, which return blood to the atria.

true

Vitamin A is an antioxidant.

true

Vitamin D deficiency, especially in older people, results from lack of exposure to the sun.

true

Another name for antidiuretic hormone is

vasopressin

The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n)

vein

After lymph leaves the collecting ducts, it enters _____ and becomes part of the ______.

veins; plasma

Which of the following is most life threatening?

ventricular fibrillation

The blood pressure in the large systemic arteries is greatest during

ventricular systole

Interferon is a group of hormonelike peptides that cells produce in response to

viruses

Intrinsic factor regulates the absorption of

vitamin B12.