biology test 3! chapter 44
15) Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include
A) lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish.
69) African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?
B) Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia.
34) Which of the following pairs of organisms excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid?
B) insects and birds
25) Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by
B) kangaroo rats.
32) The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an earthworm is based on the operation of
B) metanephridia.
10) Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by
C) tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity.
22) Which nitrogenous waste requires hardly any water for its excretion?
C) uric acid
68) Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species?
D) a mouse species living in a desert
58) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions at the cellular level by
D) causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells.
46) Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of
D) filtration from the glomerular capillaries.
44) The osmolarity of human urine
A) can be four times as great as normal osmolarity of human plasma.
65) Which process in the nephron is least selective?
A) filtration
27) Excretory structures known as protonephridia are present in
A) flatworms.
Ammonia
A) is soluble in water.
29) The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of
A) protonephridia.
57) Osmoregulatory adjustment via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be triggered by
B) severe sweating on a hot day.
40) The filtrate in the renal pelvis enters directly from
B) the collecting duct.
52) Trauma to the human kidney could result in a urinary filtrate containing an abnormally high level of
erythrocytes
43) Human urine is usually more acidic than most other body fluids because
A) hydrogen ions are actively moved into the filtrate.
48) Compared to wetland mammals, water conservation in mammals of arid regions is enhanced by having more
A) juxtamedullary nephrons.
12) Urea is produced in the
A) liver from NH3 and CO2.
41) Juxtamedullary nephrons can concentrate salt effectively in the renal medulla because of their long
A) loops of Henle.
11) The necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that
A) loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure.
38) Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in
A) the vasa recta.
59) ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis through which of the following ways?
B) ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating Na+ reabsorption.
1) A necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because
B) it was so hyperosmotic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate.
39) A person with alkalosis will likely excrete urine that has abnormally high levels of
B) sodium ions.
54) Increased ADH secretion is likely after
B) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity.
20) The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that
B) urea is less toxic than ammonia.
7) Osmoconforming sharks take in water, as needed,
B) via osmosis, as their body cells are slightly hyperosmotic to seawater.
8) A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead
B) will excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion.
33) The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an insect is based on the operation of
C) Malpighian tubules.
66) Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?
C) a marine bony fish
6) Birds that live in marine environments and thus lack access to fresh drinking water
C) drink seawater and secrete excess ions mainly through their nasal salt glands.
18) Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to
C) gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints.
50) In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle
C) have plasma membranes of low permeability to water.
47) If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would
C) increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma.
56) After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of
C) inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
28) Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in
C) insects.
16) Among vertebrate animals, urea
C) is made in the liver by combining two ammonia molecules with one carbon dioxide.
4) Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are
C) isoosmotic.
45) A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that
C) it operates an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps.
49) Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules
C) maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids.
42) The filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule of the human does not normally include
C) plasma proteins.
23) In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of
C) proteins and nucleic acids.
55) After blood flow is artificially reduced at one kidney, you would expect that kidney to secrete more of the hormone known as
C) renin.
24) Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid
C) requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass.
31) The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the
C) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids.
26) Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?
C) selective reabsorption
13) Urea is
C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans.
51) The typical osmolarity of human blood is
D) 300 mosm/L.
37) The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule
D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus.
3) The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment.
D) isoosmotic; saltwater
64) Unlike an earthworm's metanephridia, a mammalian nephron
D) receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid.
5) The fluid with the highest osmolarity is
D) seawater in a tidal pool.
14) Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms?
D) uric acid
17) The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is
D) uric acid.
67) The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except
E) diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
35) Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.
E) direct cellular exchangemarine invertebrate
9) Many marine and freshwater bony fish achieve osmoregulation via
E) gain of water through food.
36) An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the
E) kidneys of vertebrates.
30) Freshwater flatworms form a urine that is typically
E) of low solute concentration and of high volume, matching their normal fluid uptake.
53) When stimulated by aldosterone, the reabsorption of Na+ is increased along
E) the distal tubule.
21) The primary nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is
E) uric acid.
2) Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely
amphibious