BIOLOGY U6
Select all the kingdoms that are composed of eukaryotes.
Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, Protista
Select the kingdoms where all prokaryotes are classified.
Archaea, Eubacteria
Fungi are prokaryotes.
False
The cell wall of fungi is composed of chitin, the same material found in the exoskeleton of a lobster.
True
sporangium
a sac-like structure which holds the spores
cap
mushrooms' fruiting body; the umbrella-shaped top of a mushroom.
Zygomycota
phylum (or division) or fungi commonly known as mold
Without spores, fungi could not:
reproduce
lichens
symbiotic structures between a fungi and an alga or a fungi and a cyanobacteria
Most species of the kingdom Zygomycota are called .
terrestrial saprophytes
The process of budding can be defined as:
the production of new organisms by pinching off a portion of the parent cell
Fungi are grouped into club fungi or sac fungi according to:
the shape of their spore-producing structures
anal pore
the structure of a paramecium where undigested food is eliminated from the cell
Symbiosis is defined as a _______ relationship between two different species.
win-win
flagellum
(pl. flagella) a long, whiplike tail, or part, used by certain protozoa for locomotion
hypha
(plural: hyphae) a thread-like filament of the molds
cilia
(sing. cilium) hairlike bits of protoplasm that project from certain kinds of cells for locomotion or feeding
Multiple select. Select the phyla of fungi you will be studying in this section.
Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota
The wide-spread destruction of elm trees in the United States was caused by _________.
Ceratocystis ulmi
Ascomycota is an example of a kingdom.
False
The fuzzy-looking structures in a mold colony are called sporangium.
False
Select reasons why fungi are no longer classified as plants.
Fungi do not produce their own food., Fungi do not exhibit tissue differentiation., Fungi cell walls are composed of chitin.
Select the kingdoms where all eukaryotes are classified.
Fungi, Plantae, protista, animalia
An organism which lives directly on or in another organism without providing any benefits to its host is called a:
Parasite
Who is credited with discovering penicillin?
Sir Alexander Fleming
Long hyphae that act as anchors to a surface are called ________.
Stolon
When hyphae from two fungi come in contact, a structure called a zygosporangium forms at the point where the hyphae touch. Inside this structure, the genetic material from each organism combines to form a zygospore. New complete organisms with a combination of the parental genetics can be formed from a single zygospore.
The Sexual Reproduction Cycle for Zygomycetes
How do rhizoids help fungi to obtain food?
They produce enzymes which break down organic molecules into a useable form.
A zygospore is the product of sexual reproduction.
True
Morels are commonly found growing on damp forest floors.
True
binary fission
a method of asexual reproduction in animals in which a one-celled organism divides by mitosis into two organisms
saprophyte
a plant that lives on decaying organic matter, examples of which include mushrooms, molds, mildew, bacteria, rusts, and smuts
Penicillium chrysogenum is considered important because it is the first ________ discovered.
antibiotic
penicillin
antibiotic formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, which when discovered opened a whole new world of medicine
budding
asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from a portion of the parent cell that has pinched off
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast
fermentation
breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones by a living organism
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important to the food industry in what way?
causes bread to rise
multi-nucleated
cell structure with more than one nucleus
Agaricus bisporis
common edible mushroom
club fungi
common name basidiomycetes, characterized by club-shaped fruiting bodies
sac fungi
common name of species of the phylum Ascomycota, characterized by sac-shaped fruiting bodies
Archaea and Eubacteria are kingdoms composed of organisms which:
do not have a membrane-bound nucleus
Ceratocystis ulmi
elm tree parasite
The breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules which cells can use for food is called ___________.
fermentation
Multicellular fungi are composed of thread-like structures called __________.
hyphae
amoeboid movement
movement by altering the consistency of cytoplasm so that it flows to create pseudopodia
symbiosis
mutually beneficial relationship between two species, for example, lichens
stolon
mycelia of species of the phylum Zygomycota which act as anchors and connect the sproangiophores of a mold structure
Basidiomycota
phylum (or division) of fungi commonly known as "club fungi," which includes mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, and smuts
zygospore
reproductive cell containing genetic material from each parent organism, able to grow into a complete new mold structure
ring
structure found on some mushrooms around the stalk, which structure is left over from a protective covering that was present when the mushroom was first developing
Eubacteria
the kingdom of prokaryotic organisms which are commonly known as bacteria
cytoplasm
all the material inside a cell membrane except the nucleus
The name of the fruiting body for all sac fungi is ________.
ascus
zygosporangium
sexual reproductive structure formed where two hypha of mold contact each other
This term refers to the structure in which spores are produced.
sporangium
Ciliophora
the phylum of protozoans with hair-like structures called cilia, the species of which phylum are commonly known as ciliates
sporangiaphore
stalk-like structure of mycelia which supports the sporangium of species of the phylum Zygomycota
Which of the following best describes the structure of sporangiophore?
tiny stalk-like structures which support the sporangium
apical complex
a cell structure found only in parasitic species of the phylum Apicomplexa; important for interaction with and entry into host cells
conjugation
a kind of reproduction in which two unicellular organisms unite temporarily to exchange nuclear material and then separate
morels
multicellular species of the phlyum Ascomycota which are also known as sponge mushrooms, although they are not true mushrooms
rhizoids
mycelia responsible for obtaining food from the non-living organic matter on which a fungus is growing
stalk
stem-like structure of a mushroom which supports the cap and gills
spores
reproductive cells often covered with a protective coating
food vacuole
a vacuole in which food particles are digested by enzymes
parasite
an organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host.
Eukaryote
an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
prokaryote
an organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus that is bound by a membrane
chemotaxis
an organism's response to the presence of chemicals in its surroundings
Archaea
the kingdom of prokaryotic unicellular organisms known for living in environments in which all other organisms are unable to survive in
Animalia
the kingdom which contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms commonly known as animals
yeast
various unicellular fungi that are capable of reproducing by budding and from ascospores and are able to ferment their own carbohydrates
Fungi
(sing. fungus) a kingdom of organisms lacking flowers, leaves, or chlorophyll which derive nourishment from dead or living organic matter
phylum
level of taxon below kingdom, also called division in the plant and plant-like kingdoms
chitin
main molecular component of the cell wall of fungi and the exoskeleton of some animals
Fungi are classified as saprophytes when they exhibit which characteristic?
obtain food from non-living organic material
host
organism in or on which a parasite lives
Ascomycota
phylum (or division) of fungi commonly known as "sac fungi" which includes morels and yeasts
Chytridiomycota
phylum of aquatic fungi commonly called chytrids, characterized by flagellated reproductive cells
Select reasons why chytrids differ significantly from other fungi.
Most members are aquatic., The reproductive cells have flagellum.
Fungi are commonly grouped as sac fungi or club fungi, based on the structure of their fruiting bodies.
True
cyst
a protective capsule occupied by protozoa during unfavorable conditions of environment
cytoplasmic bridge
a temporary thin strand of cytoplasm connecting two microorganisms during conjugation through which structure genetic material may be passed between the cells
Organisms are classified as either a prokaryote or a eukaryote based on their _______.
cellular structure
contractile vacuole
(or excreting vacuole or water vacuole) a vacuole in unicellular organisms that collects water and wastes and expels them in order to maintain the organism's proper water content
Penicillium chrysogenum
produces common antibiotic
ascus
spore-bearing structure or fruiting body of fungi of the kingdom Ascomycota; sac-shaped
gills
spore-producing reproductive structures of a mushroom, typically found on the underside of the cap
fruiting bodies
spore-producing reproductive structures of fungi
gullet
the deepest part of the oral groove where food vacuoles are formed around a food particle
Protista
the kingdom of eukaryotic organisms which do not fit into the kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, or Fungi
Plantae
the kingdom which contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms which are capable of producing their own food commonly known as plants
Select reasons that members of the phylum Chytridiomycota are sometimes grouped in the kingdom Protista, rather than the kingdom Fungi.
Most members are aquatic., The reproductive cells have flagellum.
Select common organisms which are part of the phylum Ascomycota.
Yeast, Morels
mycelium
a mass of hyphae which form a visible structure and perform a specific function in a fungus
Actinopoda
the phylum of amoeboid protozoans which have a tiny shell-like structure composed of calcium carbonate
Foraminifera
the phylum of amoeboid protozoans, commonly called radiolarians, which have a tiny shell-like structure composed of silicon
Apicomplexa
the phylum of parasitic spore forming protozoans which are not motile during most of their life cycle