BIOLOGY U6

Select all the kingdoms that are composed of eukaryotes.

Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, Protista

Select the kingdoms where all prokaryotes are classified.

Archaea, Eubacteria

Fungi are prokaryotes.

False

The cell wall of fungi is composed of chitin, the same material found in the exoskeleton of a lobster.

True

sporangium

a sac-like structure which holds the spores

cap

mushrooms' fruiting body; the umbrella-shaped top of a mushroom.

Zygomycota

phylum (or division) or fungi commonly known as mold

Without spores, fungi could not:

reproduce

lichens

symbiotic structures between a fungi and an alga or a fungi and a cyanobacteria

Most species of the kingdom Zygomycota are called .

terrestrial saprophytes

The process of budding can be defined as:

the production of new organisms by pinching off a portion of the parent cell

Fungi are grouped into club fungi or sac fungi according to:

the shape of their spore-producing structures

anal pore

the structure of a paramecium where undigested food is eliminated from the cell

Symbiosis is defined as a _______ relationship between two different species.

win-win

flagellum

(pl. flagella) a long, whiplike tail, or part, used by certain protozoa for locomotion

hypha

(plural: hyphae) a thread-like filament of the molds

cilia

(sing. cilium) hairlike bits of protoplasm that project from certain kinds of cells for locomotion or feeding

Multiple select. Select the phyla of fungi you will be studying in this section.

Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota

The wide-spread destruction of elm trees in the United States was caused by _________.

Ceratocystis ulmi

Ascomycota is an example of a kingdom.

False

The fuzzy-looking structures in a mold colony are called sporangium.

False

Select reasons why fungi are no longer classified as plants.

Fungi do not produce their own food., Fungi do not exhibit tissue differentiation., Fungi cell walls are composed of chitin.

Select the kingdoms where all eukaryotes are classified.

Fungi, Plantae, protista, animalia

An organism which lives directly on or in another organism without providing any benefits to its host is called a:

Parasite

Who is credited with discovering penicillin?

Sir Alexander Fleming

Long hyphae that act as anchors to a surface are called ________.

Stolon

When hyphae from two fungi come in contact, a structure called a zygosporangium forms at the point where the hyphae touch. Inside this structure, the genetic material from each organism combines to form a zygospore. New complete organisms with a combination of the parental genetics can be formed from a single zygospore.

The Sexual Reproduction Cycle for Zygomycetes

How do rhizoids help fungi to obtain food?

They produce enzymes which break down organic molecules into a useable form.

A zygospore is the product of sexual reproduction.

True

Morels are commonly found growing on damp forest floors.

True

binary fission

a method of asexual reproduction in animals in which a one-celled organism divides by mitosis into two organisms

saprophyte

a plant that lives on decaying organic matter, examples of which include mushrooms, molds, mildew, bacteria, rusts, and smuts

Penicillium chrysogenum is considered important because it is the first ________ discovered.

antibiotic

penicillin

antibiotic formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, which when discovered opened a whole new world of medicine

budding

asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from a portion of the parent cell that has pinched off

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

baker's yeast

fermentation

breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones by a living organism

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important to the food industry in what way?

causes bread to rise

multi-nucleated

cell structure with more than one nucleus

Agaricus bisporis

common edible mushroom

club fungi

common name basidiomycetes, characterized by club-shaped fruiting bodies

sac fungi

common name of species of the phylum Ascomycota, characterized by sac-shaped fruiting bodies

Archaea and Eubacteria are kingdoms composed of organisms which:

do not have a membrane-bound nucleus

Ceratocystis ulmi

elm tree parasite

The breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules which cells can use for food is called ___________.

fermentation

Multicellular fungi are composed of thread-like structures called __________.

hyphae

amoeboid movement

movement by altering the consistency of cytoplasm so that it flows to create pseudopodia

symbiosis

mutually beneficial relationship between two species, for example, lichens

stolon

mycelia of species of the phylum Zygomycota which act as anchors and connect the sproangiophores of a mold structure

Basidiomycota

phylum (or division) of fungi commonly known as "club fungi," which includes mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, and smuts

zygospore

reproductive cell containing genetic material from each parent organism, able to grow into a complete new mold structure

ring

structure found on some mushrooms around the stalk, which structure is left over from a protective covering that was present when the mushroom was first developing

Eubacteria

the kingdom of prokaryotic organisms which are commonly known as bacteria

cytoplasm

all the material inside a cell membrane except the nucleus

The name of the fruiting body for all sac fungi is ________.

ascus

zygosporangium

sexual reproductive structure formed where two hypha of mold contact each other

This term refers to the structure in which spores are produced.

sporangium

Ciliophora

the phylum of protozoans with hair-like structures called cilia, the species of which phylum are commonly known as ciliates

sporangiaphore

stalk-like structure of mycelia which supports the sporangium of species of the phylum Zygomycota

Which of the following best describes the structure of sporangiophore?

tiny stalk-like structures which support the sporangium

apical complex

a cell structure found only in parasitic species of the phylum Apicomplexa; important for interaction with and entry into host cells

conjugation

a kind of reproduction in which two unicellular organisms unite temporarily to exchange nuclear material and then separate

morels

multicellular species of the phlyum Ascomycota which are also known as sponge mushrooms, although they are not true mushrooms

rhizoids

mycelia responsible for obtaining food from the non-living organic matter on which a fungus is growing

stalk

stem-like structure of a mushroom which supports the cap and gills

spores

reproductive cells often covered with a protective coating

food vacuole

a vacuole in which food particles are digested by enzymes

parasite

an organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host.

Eukaryote

an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

prokaryote

an organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus that is bound by a membrane

chemotaxis

an organism's response to the presence of chemicals in its surroundings

Archaea

the kingdom of prokaryotic unicellular organisms known for living in environments in which all other organisms are unable to survive in

Animalia

the kingdom which contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms commonly known as animals

yeast

various unicellular fungi that are capable of reproducing by budding and from ascospores and are able to ferment their own carbohydrates

Fungi

(sing. fungus) a kingdom of organisms lacking flowers, leaves, or chlorophyll which derive nourishment from dead or living organic matter

phylum

level of taxon below kingdom, also called division in the plant and plant-like kingdoms

chitin

main molecular component of the cell wall of fungi and the exoskeleton of some animals

Fungi are classified as saprophytes when they exhibit which characteristic?

obtain food from non-living organic material

host

organism in or on which a parasite lives

Ascomycota

phylum (or division) of fungi commonly known as "sac fungi" which includes morels and yeasts

Chytridiomycota

phylum of aquatic fungi commonly called chytrids, characterized by flagellated reproductive cells

Select reasons why chytrids differ significantly from other fungi.

Most members are aquatic., The reproductive cells have flagellum.

Fungi are commonly grouped as sac fungi or club fungi, based on the structure of their fruiting bodies.

True

cyst

a protective capsule occupied by protozoa during unfavorable conditions of environment

cytoplasmic bridge

a temporary thin strand of cytoplasm connecting two microorganisms during conjugation through which structure genetic material may be passed between the cells

Organisms are classified as either a prokaryote or a eukaryote based on their _______.

cellular structure

contractile vacuole

(or excreting vacuole or water vacuole) a vacuole in unicellular organisms that collects water and wastes and expels them in order to maintain the organism's proper water content

Penicillium chrysogenum

produces common antibiotic

ascus

spore-bearing structure or fruiting body of fungi of the kingdom Ascomycota; sac-shaped

gills

spore-producing reproductive structures of a mushroom, typically found on the underside of the cap

fruiting bodies

spore-producing reproductive structures of fungi

gullet

the deepest part of the oral groove where food vacuoles are formed around a food particle

Protista

the kingdom of eukaryotic organisms which do not fit into the kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, or Fungi

Plantae

the kingdom which contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms which are capable of producing their own food commonly known as plants

Select reasons that members of the phylum Chytridiomycota are sometimes grouped in the kingdom Protista, rather than the kingdom Fungi.

Most members are aquatic., The reproductive cells have flagellum.

Select common organisms which are part of the phylum Ascomycota.

Yeast, Morels

mycelium

a mass of hyphae which form a visible structure and perform a specific function in a fungus

Actinopoda

the phylum of amoeboid protozoans which have a tiny shell-like structure composed of calcium carbonate

Foraminifera

the phylum of amoeboid protozoans, commonly called radiolarians, which have a tiny shell-like structure composed of silicon

Apicomplexa

the phylum of parasitic spore forming protozoans which are not motile during most of their life cycle