Biology202 1.1

Some tissue responses to catecholamines

- Increased heart rate - Increased glycogen breakdown - Increased blood glucose -Peripheral vasoconstriction

Which of the following statements are correct concerning short-term stress?

- It's under neuronal control - It's hormones are released from the adrenal medulla

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis may be prescribed predisone (cortisol) to treat their symptoms. Based on your knowledge tissue responses, which of the following are potential dangers of long-term cortisol use?

- Push towards diabetes (elevated blood glucose) - Atrophy of the adrenal glands

tissue responses to cortisol

- Suppression of the immune system - Increased blood glucose - Increased glucose production by the liver

An adult develops osteoporosis and high cholesterol and her physician suspects a problem with the growth hormone pathway since this pathway helps to maintain bone and fat metabolism. A stimulation test is done in which a hormone is used to stimulate the production of GH. With this test, GH does not increase. 1. Which hormone would be given to stimulate production of GH? 2. The lack of GH production suggests a problem in which tissue/gland

1. GHRH 2. Anterior Pituitary

Patient was diagnosed with a thyroid tumor and had a portion of her thyroid gland removed. After surgery the patient took thyroid hormone (TH) in order to control metabolic homeostasis. 1. If she was tkaing high levels of synthetic TH, levels of the hormone above would be: 2. High levels of synthetic TH would cause C.H's metabolic rate to:

1. Low 2. Increase

The anterior pituitary, also called the____1______, is made of____2____ tissue, and therefore, uses ____3___ stimuli to activate glands.

1. adenohypophysis 2. glandular 3. hormonal

Which of the following could stimulate an endocrine gland?

ALL OF THEM Activation by spinal neurons An upstream hormone A drop in blood glucose A challenge to homeostasis

A mother is complaining that her son is the tallest kid in his class. The physician suspects a problem with the growth hormone pathway. Blood tests reveal that the patient's levels of GHRH are low while levels of GH and IGF-1 are high. The problem is in the (i.e. what organ/gland is affected):

Anterior Pituitary

A patient is losing a lot of weight and is often hot. Blood tests reveal that the patient's TRH is low, but their TSH and T3/T4 are high. Where is the problem?

Anterior pituitary

What is secreted by neuronal response to stress?

Catecholamines

What is released by the adrenal cortex

DHEA Aldosterone Cortisol

Homeostasis is controlled by which two systems?

Endocrine system & Nervous system

Low blood oxygen stimulates the release of erythropoietin hormone. This is an example of:

Humoral stimulation of the endocrine system

Cretinism and endemic goiter have been drastically reduced in many developed countries after the introduction of what?

Iodized salt

Why is hydrocortisone used to treat itchy insect bites (inflammation)?

It is an immunosuppressant

Why would a farmer give rBST to cows?

It makes them produce more milk

The hypothalamus regulates which of the following physiological functions? (choose all that apply)

Metabolism stress reproduction growth water retention

A patient who had his thyroid removed. Would taking TSH bring metabolism into the normal range? Why or why not?

No, TSH will not work because the thyroid is missing and TSH would not be able to stimulate TH production.

J.P. is ----- for the presence of anti-TSH receptor antibody, which bind to the ----- receptor.

Positive TSH

Which of the following hormones is release from the adenohypophysis? (choose all that apply)

Prolactin LH TSH ACTH GH FSH

Acromegaly is caused by a tumor in the anterior pituitary. If the tumor is deemed non-operable, what drug might be given to help treat the condition?

Somatostatin

Radioactive iodine is used as a treatment for Grave's Disease and thyroid tumor/cancer. Which of the following statements correctly describes radioactive iodine therapy? (Select all that applies.)

Thyroid follicle cells take up radioactive iodine and the follicle cells are destroyed. Many patients will need to take synthroid (thyroid hormone) after treatment.

History: J.P., a 34-year-old female, came to your clinic. You noticed that she has a slight enlargement of the anterior neck. You chatted with her and asked some questions. J.P. has noticed increased appetite over the past month with no weight gain and more frequent bowel movements over the same period. In addition, she complains of bouts of sleeplessness and feeling unusually nervous. J.P. is not taking any medications.

-She feels anxious. -enlargement of the anterior neck -increased appetite with no weight gain -frequent bowl movement -She experiences insomnia.

An athlete decides to take GH to improve performance. Which of the following statements are correct? Choose all that apply.

-Their blood glucose levels will increase. -Their levels of GHRH will decrease.

Which of the following are true regarding hormones from the posterior pituitary? 1. Oxytocin is involved with labor and delivery 2.Antidiuretic hormone makes you eliminate excess water 3.They are under neuronal control because their functions are required quickly 4.Growth hormone is released by the posterior pituitary during puberty to produce rapid growth

1 & 3 & 4(maybe) 1. Oxytocin is involved with labor and delivery 3.They are under neuronal control because their functions are required quickly 4. Growth hormone (maybe)

Two men with familial gigantism, are shown photographed with their family in the early 1900's. Post-mortem examination of Paolo Antonio Ugo revealed a giant pituitary adenoma. 1. How would this condition affect levels of: 2. How does this condition differ from acromegaly?

1. GHRH: Decrease GHIH: Increase GH: Increase IGF-1: Increase 2. During childhood

A pituitary gland possesses an adenoma (tumor) of A cells that produce ACTH resulting in a condition called Cushing's Syndrome. 1. How would Cushing's Syndrome affect levels of ACTH in the blood? 2. Cells of what gland/organ possess receptors for ACTH? 3. How would Cushing's Syndrome affect hormone secretion by the target cells of ACTH? 4. B cells produce GH. How would this tumor affect levels of GH?

1. Increase 2. Adrenal cortex 3. Increase 4. No effect

Which statement is true about Graves disease. A. Grave's disease results in low TSH levels. B. Grave's disease patients often show symptoms that include weight gain and fatigue. c. Grave's Disease results n elevated levels of thyroid hormone.

A. Results in low TSH C. Results in elevated levels of thyroid hormone.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the _______________. Which is directly stimulated by ____________.

Adrenal medulla ; Spinal neurons

Which of the following hormones is released by the adrenal cortex?

Aldosterone Cortisol DHEA

Patient has Cushing's syndrome. A condition caused by a tumor the over-produces hormone in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Blood test result levels are CRH: Decrease ACTH: Increase and Cortisol: Increased. Based on the test results which organ/ gland is likely to be cancerous?

Anterior Pituitary

Compare and contrast Hashimoto's Disease and Grave's Disease? (Select all that applies.)

Both diseases are autoimmune diseases. The body makes an autoantibody. Hashimoto's Disease will lead to hypothyroidism, but Grave's Disease will lead to hyperthyroidism. In Hashimoto's Disease the antibody destroys the thyroid follicle cells, but in Grave's Disease the antibody stimulates the follicle cells.

It was rumored that President Kennedy suffered from Addison's disease, which is caused by decreased function of the adrenal cortex. If President Kennedy had Addison's disease what could he have experienced?

Decreased levels of aldosterone Hyponatremia (Low blood sodium)

Tom felt a tickle on his leg, pulled back the sheets and found a scorpion in his bed. He let out a scream and whacked the scorpion with his ipad. In dealing with this stressful situation, which hormone do you expect to be elevated in his blood?

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

A mother is concerned that her child is much shorter than his peers. The child's pediatrician suspects a problem with GH. If the child is suffering from hyposecretion of GH, what do suspect the blood levels of the following hormones to be?

GH: Decreased IGF-1: Decreased GHRH: Increased GHIH: Decreased

Acromegaly is caused by a pituitary adenoma that occurs in adulthood. What would you expect blood tests to reveal about levels of the following hormones? 2. One means of treating acromegaly is to administer a synthetic form of?_________ which normally inhibits release of GH by the pituitary.

GHRH: Decrease GHIH (somatostatin): Increase GH:Increase IGF-1:Increase . 2. Somatostatin

Patient is injecting growth hormone (GH) to increase muscle mass and boost athletic performance. How would injecting GH affect levels of hormones in the GH pathways?

GHRH: Decrease GHIH: Increase GH (from the patients pituitary): Decrease IGF-1: Increase

A child is born with empty sella syndrome, in which they are born without a pituitary gland. What would you expect blood tests to reveal about levels of:

GHRH: Increase GHIH: Decrease GH: Decrease IGF-1: Decrease

African pygmies are known as the shortest human populations. Recent genetic studies have demonstrated African pygmies possess deleterious polymorphisms in the GH-receptor. How would a defect in the GH receptor affect levels of each these hormones?

GHRH: Increased GHIH: Decreased GH: Increased IGF-1: Decreased

Match the type of endocrine stimulus to it's definition: Humoral, Hormonal, Neural

Humoral- change in blood levels of substances Hormonal- Stimulation from upstream hormone Neural- Stimulation by neurons

Name the endocrine glands starting from the head down

Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Pancreas Ovary Testis

Which statements best explain the pathology of Grave's disease?

In Grave's Disease the patient makes an anti-TSH-Receptor antibody that mimics the TSH hormone. This antibody binds to the thyroid and overstimulate it to produce excess thyroid hormone.

Why does lack of TH cause growth and brain development problems? (Select all that applies.)

In utero (in the womb), the fetus grows and brain develops. Proper levels of TH is important in keep the metabolic rate needed for this development. TH regulate metabolism. During periods of growth TH is critical for increasing metabolism needed for growth.

K.N. is diagnosed with an adenocarcinoma (tumor, overgrowth of cells that release hormone) of the pituitary gland which affects thyroid hormone signaling. How would this cancer affect levels of thyroid hormone?

Increase

The growth hormone pathway performs many functions in the human body. What response's are stimulated by the growth hormone pathway during childbirth?

Increase bone and cartilage growth. Increase cell growth. Increases blood glucose levels to make ATP. Increase protein synthesis.

Growth hormone (GH) produces which of the following tissue responses? Select all that apply.

Increased protein synthesis Increased bone growth Increased blood glucose Increased cell growth Increased cartilage growth

Which of the following physiological processes are maintained by a homeostatic mechanism?

Oxygenation, Blood pH, Blood calcium, Hydration, Blood glucose, Body temperature. (All of them)

All of the following are directly controlled by a hormonal stimulus EXCEPT...

Oxytocin

Which of the following hormones is released from the neurohypophysis?

Oxytocin ADH

In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune reaction leads to progressive destruction of the thyroid gland. Which of the following hormones would you expect to be INCREASED in someone with Hashimoto's thyroiditis

TRH TSH

n Grave's disease, an autoimmune reaction stimulates the thyroid to produce excess hormone. Which of the following hormones would you expect blood levels to be DECREASED in someone with Grave's disease?

TRH TSH

How would the following hormone blood levels be effected in someone with Grave's Disease? TRH: TSH: TH:

TRH: Decrease TSH: Decrease TH: Increase

During pregnancy, women produce the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is structurally similar to TSH and can mimic the function of TSH on the thyroid. How would hCG affect the levels of: TRH, TSH, T3/T4

TRH: Decreased TSH: Decreased T3/T4:Increased

What causes the enlargement of the thyroid gland in Endemic goiter? (choose all that apply)

Without iodine thyroglobulin is not made into T3/T4. Low levels of T3/T4 negative feedback to increase TSH, which overstimulate the thyroid to make more thyroglobulin. Accumulation of thyroglobulin in the colloid.

When anti-TSH receptor antibody binds to the TSH-receptor on the __________ , it stimulates the secretion of__________.

thyroid TH

We only need one system to control homeostasis because homeostatic changes only occur very slowly.

False

Nervous control of homeostasis occurs ____i____ than hormonal control and ______ii_______.

(i) faster; (ii) controls only a small area

A patient is taking a high dose of Prednisone (cortisol) to treat rheumatoid arthritis. 1. What would you expect blood tests to reveal about levels of: 2. How could taking Prednisone lead to atrophy (shrinkage of cell size) of the adrenal cortex? 3. Why are patients slowly tapered off this medication?

1. CRH: Decrease ACTH: Decrease 2. Prednisone decreases ACTH so adrenal gland shrinks from under stimulation 3. To gradually increase the patient's own cortisol production through increased ACTH stimulation.

A.Q. has experienced much turmoil in her life lately including loss of a job and foreclosure of her house. She complains of frequent and persistent bouts of illness. 1. What would blood tests reveal about the patient's: 2. How are these changes related to the patient's frequent and persistent illnesses?

1. CRH: Increased ACTH: Increased cortisol: Increased 2. Cortisol is an immunosuppressant

Put in the order of events for blood glucose and insulin.

1. Eat a meal 2. Meal is digested and absorbed into blood 3. Blood glucose goes up 4. Insulin is released into blood. 5. Blood glucose goes down 6. insulin goes down

Endocrine and neural regulation of homeostasis differ in that endocrine pathways typically ____1_____ , wheres neural pathways typically____2_________.

1. Endocrine: Persist for a period of minutes to hours to days. 2. Neural: persists for a very short period of time.

The final diagnosis is Grave's Disease. Which of the following does NOT describe Grave's disease correctly? 1. The anti-TSH Receptor antibody binds to the anterior pituitary stimulating it. 2. TSH is decreased. 3. The antibody stimulates the thyroid production of TH. 4. Grave's disease is an autoimmune disease. 5. The overall metabolism is increased

1. The anti-TSH Receptor antibody binds to the anterior pituitary stimulating it.

Several outbreaks of thyrotoxicosis, a form of hyperthyroidism, have been attributed to a practice, now banned in the US, called "gullet trimming", where meat in the neck region of slaughtered animals is ground into hamburger. Because thyroid glands are reddish in color and located in the neck, it's not unusual for gullet trimmers to get thyroid glands into hamburger or sausage. 1. Ingesting thyroid-tainted hamburger causes thyrotoxicosis because circulating levels of thyroid hormone are: 2. How would ingesting this meat affect levels of the endogenous (made by the individual) hormones:

1. Too High 2. TRH: Decreased TSH: Decreased T3/T4: Decreased

Patient is diagnosed with a medullary thyroid carcinoma, a tumor of the parofollicular cells. Tests indicate that the tumor caused an endocrine disorder with abnormally high levels of a specific hormone. A. What hormone would be affected by the tumor? B. What effect would increased levels of this hormone have on blood Ca2+ levels?

A. Calcitonin B. Decreased

K.M. is 48-year old African American woman who lives in northern Minnesota.On a recent cold winter day, K.M. slipped on the ice and fell, breaking her radius just above the wrist. Upon examination, her physician noted that K.M. was suffering from osteoporosis.Her physician also noted that K.M. was lactose intolerant and did not eat/drink dairy products.Her physician tested K.M.'s serum levels of vitamin D and found her levels to be 12 ng/mL (normal range = 30-74 ng/mL). A. How would K.M.'s vitamin D deficiency affect her levels of: blood Ca2+ B. parathyroid hormone (PTH)? C. How would vitamin D deficiency contribute to K.M.'s osteoporosis?

A. Decreased B. Increased C. Increased osteoclast activity decreases bone density

G.B. began experiencing painful muscle spasms of the hands and feet. Blood test show that his serum Ca2+ levels were 4.2 mg/dl (normal range=8.4-10.1 mg/dl). Further tests indicate an endocrine disorder with abnormally low levels of a specific hormone. A. What hormone is affected in this patient? B. What gland/ cell produces this hormone?

A. PTH B. Parathyroid Gland

Patient is a 65 year old woman who enters the hospital with a wrist fracture. X-rays showed subperiosteal resorption and brown tumors of the hands. Upon questioning she also complains of abnormal pain with bouts of nausea and vomiting, sore legs, and often feeling depressed. Blood tests show her serum Ca2+ levels to be 17.5mg/dl (normal range = 8.4-10.1mg/dl). Her physician suspects old defect and tests PTH levels. A. An ultrasound of the neck showed enlargement of the parathyroid glans. Given these findings, what is the likely cause of the patients condition? B. What would you expect blood tests to reveal about levels of PTH? C. Browns tumors are common findings in patients with H.N.'s condition and are caused by abnormal bone resorption associated with ______________osteoclast activity.

A. Parathyroid andenoma (tumor) B. Increase C. Increase

The androgen receptor is the major receptor for androgens such as testosterone. Mutations in theandrogen receptor are the primary cause of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS), which causesfeminization of genetically XY individuals. True/ False questions: AIS individuals lack testosterone receptors: T AIS individuals do not make testosterone: F AIS individuals would respond to testosterone injections: F

AIS individuals lack testosterone receptors: TRUE AIS individuals do not make testosterone: FALSE AIS individuals would respond to testosterone injections: FALSE

You have administered Synthroid to a patient with hypothyroidism. Which is the best way to determine that your treatment is effective (i.e., you have given them the correct dose)?

Blood levels of TSH are in normal range.

Captain Willard was under great stress during his tour of duty in Afghanistan. Over stimulation of the CRH, SCTH, and Cortisol pathway by intense chronic stress would likely cause them to do what?

CRH- Increase ACTH- Increase Cortisol- Increase

Cushing's disease is caused by a pituitary adenoma (tumor) that causes hypersecretion of hormones. What would you expect blood tests to reveal about levels of:

CRH: Decreased ACTH: Increased cortisol: Increased

Sheehan syndrome, also known as postpartum hypopituitarism (decreased functioning of the pituitary gland) or postpartum pituitary necrosis, is caused by necrosis due to blood loss and hypovolemic shock during and after childbirth. Sheehan syndrome can be associated with secondary adrenal insufficiency, similar to Addison's disease. How would Sheehan syndrome affect levels of:

CRH: Increase ACTH: Decrease cortisol: Decrease

A patient has Addison's disease, an auto-immune disease that results in failure of the adrenal gland. What would you expect blood tests to reveal about levels of: CRH, ACTH, Cortisol

CRH: increase ACTH: increase cortisol: decrease

A mother has had to deal with two sick kids, a full load of classes, and a full-time job. Which of the following hormones is released in response to this specific stressor?

Cortisol

What tissue/structure regulates both the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis?

Hypothalamus

One of the causes of enlargement of the thyroid is a thyroid tumor/cancer. What is the likelihood that this patient has thyroid tumor/cancer? Explain.

It is unlikely that the thyroid enlargement is thyroid tumor/cancer, because the enlargement of the thyroid gland is symmetrical to palpation. This means the enlargement is even and smooth.

K.M. is 48-year old African American woman who lives in northern Minnesota.On a recent cold winter day, K.M. slipped on the ice and fell, breaking her radius just above the wrist. Upon examination, her physician noted that K.M. was suffering from osteoporosis.Her physician also noted that K.M. was lactose intolerant and did not eat/drink dairy products.Her physician tested K.M.'s serum levels of vitamin D and found her levels to be 12 ng/mL (normal range = 30-74 ng/mL).

K.M. lives in a northern climate during winter where there is less sunlight K.M. is African American and her increased melanin absorbs UV rays needed to make vitamin D K.M. has a diet that does not include foods fortified with vitamin D

Conn's syndrome is caused by an adrenal tumor and results in hypernatremia (elevated sodium; Na+) and hypokalemia (low potassium; K+). What region of the adrenal gland and what hormone(s) and region would be affected by the tumor?

Region: Adrenal Cortex Hormone: Aldosterone

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by?

Spinal neurons

Which of the following hormones is released from the hypothalamus? (choose all that apply)

TRH GnRH CRH GHRH

Patient has Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. How would this condition affect levels of the fallowing hormones? TRH: TSH: T3/T4:

TRH: Increase TSH: Increase T3/T4: Decrease

How would removal of the thyroid gland affect levels of the hormones below? TRH: TSH: TH:

TRH: Increase TSH: Increase TH: Decrease

How would the following hormone blood levels be effected in someone with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis? TRH: ? TSH: ? TH: ?

TRH: Increase TSH: Increase TH: Decrease

Propylthiouracil inhibits the production of active thyroid hormone. A patient took too much propylthiouracil. What will happen to the blood levels of the hormones below? TRH: ? TSH: ? TH: ?

TRH: Increase TSH: Increase TH: Decrease

A patient complains that they are gaining weight even though they are following a new, very strict diet in which they only eat fruit. A registered dietician suggests that the patient is iodine deficient since there is no salt or seafood in this diet. What would you expect blood tests to reveal about the levels of:

TRH: Increased TSH: Increased T3/T4: Decreased

Giving Synthorid (thyroid hormone) is an effective way to return metabolism to normal in both patients with no thyroid function and patients lacking TSH. True or False

TRUE TH is the final acting hormone to regulate metabolism. Giving TH to patients lacking TH will restore metabolism. Patients without thyroid will not make TH and giving TH will restore metabolic function. Patients without anterior pituitary cells that make TSH will have no TSH. Without TSH, the thyroid will not be stimulated to make TH. The end result here is the lack of TH, which can be replaced with synthroid (synthetic TH)

Patients with acromegaly have a pituitary tumor that hypersecretes growth hormone (GH). These patients display large hands and face but not increased height. Why do high levels of GH in adults affect the hands and face but not the length of long bones. (Arms and legs)?

The epiphyseal growth plates have fused in adults.

Hormones produce a response in certain tissues because:

The tissue contains a specific receptor for that hormone

Compare follicular thyroid adenoma with pituitary adenoma in the thyroid hormone pathway. Select all the correct statements.

The tumor may have to be removed in both cases. Both diseases cause hyperthyroidism. Follicular thyroid adenoma has low TSH whereas pituitary adenoma has high TSH. Both diseases will have similar symptoms of elevated metabolism.

Why does GH increase blood glucose and fatty acid levels?

They are fuel sources that cells can use to make ATP

Cells of what organ/tissue/gland possess the TSH receptor?

Thyroid

The defective gland in question above is ___ resulting in a(n) _____ in TH

overactive; increase

Draw out the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis with the abnormal hormone levels. Using the abnormal hormone levels to figure out which organ is not working properly.

thyroid gland