Biomedical Ethics 444
True or False: Religion can tell us about what people's moral beliefs are or explain why someone chose to act in a certain way when faced with a moral dilemma a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: Removing a patient from life support machinery and medications might be an act of involuntary euthanasia. a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: Removing a patient from life support machinery and medications might be an act of non-voluntary euthanasia. a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: Removing a patient from life support machinery and medications might be an act of voluntary euthanasia. a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: Some natural rights theorists believe that rights are conferred by God (some deity or deities). a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: Some rights theorists believe that certain non-human living organisms have rights a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: The doctrine of double effect says that you're responsible for consequences of your actions that you knew might occur but dud not intend a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: The point of the Smith/Jones examples in James Rachels' arguments is to show that active euthanasia is always morally/ethically better than passive euthanasia. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: The point of the Smith/Jones examples in James Rachels' arguments is to show that active euthanasia is always morally/ethically worse than passive euthanasia a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: The principle of autonomy states that health care workers should only treat children (for example, for an infection) if the child wants to be treated. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: The principle of beneficence is that we as health care workers should do no harm to patients. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: The results of private genetic testing have no implications for anyone other than the person who has been tested. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: There's no difference between a Living Will and a Last Will and Testament. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: This course is graded on a curve. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: We do not use religion as the basis of moral argument in this class, because religious beliefs and preferences do not influence people's moral decision-making, nor do they tell us anything about people's moral thinking. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False? Act utilitarians determine whether an action is right or wrong depending on whether someone's rights have been violated. a. true b. false
b. false
True or false: Active euthanasia is the same as involuntary euthanasia a. true b. false
b. false
Using the definition of "euthanasia" that was used in lecture, answer the following. True or False: In the Smith and Jones argument, both Smith and Jones are commiting euthanasia. a. true b. false
b. false
Fill in the blank: Sullivan thinks that the intentional taking of [human] life is always ethically wrong and that we have a duty to avoid killing someone. Another way that Sullivan could express this is to say that human beings have a right to [fill in the blank with one word].
live
True or False: The Human Genome Project has made available the DNA sequence of a single, anonymous, person. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: The Principle of Beneficence doesn't apply to young children and severely mentally disabled adults a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Relativism is the idea that you adopt the morals that your relative taught you a. true b. false
false
True or False: One problem with Sullivan's argument is that it's easy to introduce our personal biases into what counts as "ordinary" treatment vs. what counts as "extraordinary" treatment. a. true b. false
. true
Choose the reasons that extensions and make-up assignments will be provided [PICK ALL CORRECT ANSWERS] Poor performance on original assignment A medical emergency Vacation or road trip Family emergency
A medical emergency Family emergency
Which of the following is the best example of someone using rule utilitarian ethical thinking? Please choose only one answer? a. Alex spends $5 buying pizza for three homeless kids because it will lead to more happiness in the world than buying a t-shirt from Savers to wear at the gym tomorrow b. Jules decides to follow the rule against creating a second account using a fake name, because if lots of people broke that rule, it would be hard for Twitter to track down people using Twitter to commit crimes or plan terrorist activities. c. Scout decides not to copy test answers by looking over Galen' shoulder, because breaking the rule against cheating would be taking advantage of Galen's hard work without her consent.
C IS INCORRECT (Kantian thinking)
True or False: In this course, if you ask for an extra-credit assignment because you're not happy with your course grade, you will be given one. True False
False
We do not use religion as the basis of moral argument in that class, because religious beliefs and preferences do not influence people's moral decision-making, nor do they tell us anything about people's moral thinking True False
False
Imagine that Teddy has a brain tumor that cannot be cured. The tumor causes nausea and vomiting, and has already caused Teddy to have one seizure. Teddy is not experiencing any loss of cognitive function. Given the size and growth rate of the tumor, Teddy is not expected to live more than six months The use of a particular type of radiotherapy can shrink the tumor, which will reduce symptoms the tumor is causing. For this particular tumor, this is the only option available to control the symptoms mentioned above. This therapy will probably extend Teddy's lifespan by a few months, but not more. The therapy will also require that Teddy stay within reach of the treatment center for two months during the treatment and it may cause some discomfort. Which of the following is/are statements applicable to Teddy's situation? Choose all that apply a. If Teddy chooses against receiving the radiotherapy, preferring to die earlier in the comfort home, not giving the treatment would be considered active, voluntary euthanasia b. Teddy tells a cousin that he decided against treatment because his earlier death will relieve his and his family's suffering, as well as leave more resources for patients who might benefit more from them. Teddy is using something that looks more like utilitarian thinking than like rights-based thinking c. If Teddys lived in a state where active euthanasia was an option, an act utilitarian would say it was morally wrong for Teddy to not take that option d. If Teddy chooses to forgo the radiotherapy and his treatment team supports this decision, their support is in line with the Principle of Autonomy e. If Teddy chooses to forgo the treatment because of the side effects and the healthcare team supports this decision, their support is in line with the Principle of Non-Maleficence
I GOT PARTIAL CREDIT WITH: a. If Teddy chooses against receiving the radiotherapy, preferring to die earlier in the comfort home, not giving the treatment would be considered active, voluntary euthanasia d. If Teddy chooses to forgo the radiotherapy and his treatment team supports this decision, their support is in line with the Principle of Autonomy e. If Teddy chooses to forgo the treatment because of the side effects and the healthcare team supports this decision, their support is in line with the Principle of Non-Maleficence
This is an EXTRA CREDIT QUESTION. While it says, "0 points," you can receive a point of extra credit for answering this question well. It cannot hurt your grade to try answering the question; it can only help you. Question: Rachels gives an example of a patient dying of throat cancer and says that he thinks active euthanasia would be morally preferable to letting that patient die. Which of the four bioethical principles would support Rachels' position? In one sentence, support your choice. (I will not read more than 1.5 sentences: the name of the principle you choose, plus one and only one sentence explaining why you think that principle would uphold Rachels' choice. So your answer should be less than 2 complete sentences).
The bioethical principle that would support Rachels' position would be beneficence because it considers the benefits of the treatment versus the risks and costs to the patient. From Ina "Beneficence doesn't compare risks and benefits directly. It looks more at benefits both short- and long- term"
True or false: This course may be graded on a true True False
True
When Rachels talks about the pain and suffering of someone dying of throat cancer, he is making which of the following types of ethical argument? [choose the one best answer] a. A consequentialist argument b. Virtue-based argument c. A Kantian argument d. A deontological argument
a. A consequentialist argument
Please categorize each situation on the left into a type of euthanasia (from the drop down on the right). You should see the list of situations on the left side of the screen. Please select the category that's the best match from the dropdown menu on the right (there may be more than one match -- pick the one that is the most accurate). Multiple rows may have the same answer, and some of the answers may not match any of the situations.
a. A terminally ill patient in Oregon has run out of treatment options. He has very few weeks left to live. He requests that his physician prescribe lethal medications and assist him in committing suicide when the pain is unbearable. He also requests that his spouse be present to assure his comfort during the dying process. --> physician-assisted, voluntary, active euthanasia. b. A woman suffers from severe episodic psychosis (periodically has periods of "hearing and seeing things" (auditory and visual hallucinations), which does not seem to be improved by medications. During one of her lucid periods, she writes a letter asking that she not be put on life support should she have a life-threatening illness. She subsequently has a myocardial infarction (heart attack) that leaves her unconscious with little hope of long-term recovery because her heart has been so badly damaged. The staff and her family decide jointly to not place her on life support. --> Physician-assisted, voluntary, passive euthanasia. c. A carpenter is in the later stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Her spouse, who works as a children's book editor, has a standing barbiturate prescription for the treatment of her hand tremor (she has a neurological condition that makes her hands tremble most of the time, which makes editing different). The carpenter asks her spouse to stash away enough barbiturate that she can take it when the ALS has progressed to the point of leaving her wheelchair bound. Her spouse does, and the carpenter takes the overdose and dies peacefully at home --> Active, voluntary, euthanasia. d. A young basketball player collapses on the court during a big game, the result of a previously undiagnosed blood vessel defect. By the time the ambulence has rushed the player to the hospital many miles away, irreversible brain damage has occurred. The player's mother says, "I know he'd never want to live like a vegetable. He's always been so active; this isn't a life for him. He'd rather be with God, I know it." In view of the significant brain damage and likely multi-organ failure, the health care team and the parent decide to stop life support. The player dies an hour later in the hospital. --> physician-assisted, non-voluntary, passive euthanasia
Which of the following would be factors considered by an act utilitarian in determining whether or not it is ethical for parents to enroll their infant in the genetic testing trial called BabySeq? [there may be more than one answer; please choose all that apply] a. Genetic testing of infants may result in over-treatment or unnecessary treatment because they have genes that might indicate a small increased risk for a genetically related illness. b. Insurance companies could demand to see all genetic screening information and deny healthcare coverage on the basis of that information c. Infants with high risk of potentially severe genetic illnesses might be eligible for early interventions that improve long-term health d. Parents of infants who enroll their infant and the infant ends up in the "control" group (receive infant care without the genetic screening) might be disappointed that their child didn't get free screening e. The infant's right to free choice to test or not test is violated f. Some infants may have a predisposition to genetic disease which can't be treated, and this knowledge can be stressful for parents g. Infants who are enrolled in this trial are being treated both as means to an end, and ends in themselves
a. Genetic testing of infants may result in over-treatment or unnecessary treatment because they have genes that might indicate a small increased risk for a genetically related illness. b. Insurance companies could demand to see all genetic screening information and deny healthcare coverage on the basis of that information c. Infants with high risk of potentially severe genetic illnesses might be eligible for early interventions that improve long-term health d. Parents of infants who enroll their infant and the infant ends up in the "control" group (receive infant care without the genetic screening) might be disappointed that their child didn't get free screening f. Some infants may have a predisposition to genetic disease which can't be treated, and this knowledge can be stressful for parents
Which of the following is/are NOT concerns raised in lecture about Rachels' position on euthanasia [choose ALL that apply; there will be at least one answer, and there MAY be more than one]. a. Rachels thinks that passive euthanasia is always an immoral action b. Rachels thinks all euthanasia is murder c. Rachels' way of thinking might lead us to think that involuntarily euthanizing people is the right thing to do d. We may think that there are values other than good or bad consequences that should be considered when we think about the morality of euthanasia
a. Rachels thinks that passive euthanasia is always an immoral action b. Rachels thinks all euthanasia is murder
True or False: One reason that parents may wish their child to undergo growth attenuation theory is to make it easier to physically maneuver their offspring (e.g. move them in and out of bed or into/out of a wheelchair) a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: One reason that parents may wish their child to undergo growth attenuation therapy is to make it easier to physically maneuver their offspring (e.g. move them in and out of bed or into/out of a wheelchair). a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: Passive euthanasia can be voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary. a. true b. false
a. true
Which of the following factors would be considered by an act utilitarian in determining whether it is moral for Chris to purchase and use a private DNA testing kit from a company like 23andMe? Please choose all answers that apply (there may be more than one). a. The test may suggest that Chris' beliefs that his parents are his biological parents is incorrect b. Using the test would involve treating DNA researchers only as means to an end c. Chris' purchase may contribute to the growth of the company that makes the testing kit, ensuring new jobs for their local community d. The test may violate the privacy rights of some of Chris' genetic relatives, who may not want him to know about their ethnic backgrounds e. The test may suggest that Chris go to his doctor for further testing as he's at high risk for colon cancer f. The test may uncover distant relatives with whom Chris has had no previous contact
a. The test may suggest that Chris' beliefs that his parents are his biological parents is incorrect c. Chris' purchase may contribute to the growth of the company that makes the testing kit, ensuring new jobs for their local community e. The test may suggest that Chris go to his doctor for further testing as he's at high risk for colon cancer f. The test may uncover distant relatives with whom Chris has had no previous contact
Which of the following list would a deontologist consider or value? [choose all that apply] Hint 1: the other answers (the ones you shouldn't choose] are things a consequentialist would consider or value Hint 2: There is more than one appropriate answer, so if you've only picked one, you'll need to identify at least one more. a. confirmation of personal identity b. sadness and anger over misattributed parentage c. improved health and wellness d. increased autonomy in reproductive decision-making e. more fair distribution of disease presentation medications
a. confirmation of personal identity d. increased autonomy in reproductive decision-making e. more fair distribution of disease presentation medications
From the NYT article on GAT: "...parents who back growth attenuation tend to believe that maximizing pleasurable experiences and minimizing unpleasant ones is the best way to serve a child with extreme disabilities." Which best describes the type of ethical approach these parents are engaged in? [choose the one best answer--some may be "okay" but pick the one that's most accurate] a. consequentialist thinking b. deontological thinking c. neither consequentialist nor deontological thinking d. both consequentialist and deontological thinking
a. consequentialist thinking
According to lecture which of the following might be the source of rights ? Please choose ALL that apply. a. deity or deities b. laws created by humans or by human society c. social structure (non-political, non-legal ones) d. something inherent in human begins (something about the fact of being human confers rights)
a. deity or deities b. laws created by humans or by human society c. social structure (non-political, non-legal ones) d. something inherent in human begins (something about the fact of being human confers rights)
According to the Human Genome Research Institute, which of the following may contribute to the risk of disease/illness? Please choose all that apply. a. genetics b. environmental exposures c. diet d. lifestyle
a. genetics b. environmental exposures c. diet d. lifestyle
While people might think that there are such a thing as rights, there is a great deal of debate where rights "come from." Which of the following are possible sources of rights that we've read about? Choose all that apply a. god-given b. derived from human laws c. something inherent in being a human being d. something created by social agreement
a. god-given b. derived from human laws c. something inherent in being a human being d. something created by social agreement
A negative right [also known as a liberty right] corresponds to a duty to not stop the person with the right from trying to obtain that right. In other words if Angel has a negative right to a cookie, Pat's duty is to refrain from stopping Angel from trying to obtain a cookie. a. true b. false
a. true
In "A Code Death," what Dr. Zitter describes as the procedure for a "Code Death" is more like the procedure of passive, non-voluntary euthanasia than it's like the procedure of active, voluntary euthanasia. a. true b. false
a. true
In James Rachels' article "Active and passive euthanasia, " the Smith/Jones example illustrates the point that there's no inherent ethical difference between an act of commission (something you've actively done) and an act of omission (something you haven't done) if the intentions and results of both acts (of commission and omission) are the same. a. true b. false
a. true
The doctrine of double effect says that if a person's action has an effect that was NOT intended, the person shouldn't be considered to be responsible for that effect. a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: A benefit of Rule Utilitarianism is supposed to be that it helps avoid/resolve the scapegoat problem that may appear when in the use of Act Utilitarianism. a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: According to the lecture materials, using a person as an end in themselves means considering things including their own lives, what they want to do and who and what is important to them. a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: In the video/transcript case you were provided, Sara Altschule received her genetic test prior to having any symptoms of breast cancer (or any other disease); this would be considered presymptomatic/predictive testing. a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: Kant believes that using people as mere means can involve acting on maxims (rules) with respect to another person that that person could not, in principle, agree with. a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: One critique of the way Act Utilitarians determine whether an action is moral is that there's no objective way to measure one person's happiness or unhappiness against another's, so comparing and/or adding up "happiness and/or unhappiness points" to figure out what course of action will make more people happy is impossible. a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: One potential criticism of the doctrine of double effect is that it might let people who are naive, illogical, or unable to think into the distance get away with killing people in circumstances in which it seems pretty obvious that one ought to know that harm will result from their actions. a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: Sullivan's view of ethics of euthanasia is largely act utilitarian a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Sullivan thinks that Rachels' distinction between active and passive euthanasia is not morally relevant and covers up the important moral distinction between intended and unintended consequences of medical actions. a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: The newborn (Cora) discussed in the article got genetic testing as part of a clinical trial. a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: The newborn (Cora) discussed in this week's article received genetic testing as part of a clinical trial. a. true b. false
a. true
True or False: This course may be graded on a curve. a. true b. false
a. true
We watched a video in which a women decides to have a preventative double mastectomy after receiving genetic testing results that suggested that she was at high risk for cancer. The surgeon who performed her surgery did so at the request of the patient, to prevent the possibility of breast cancer. True of False: The doctor followed at least two principles, the Principle of Non-Maleficence and the Principle of Autonomy a. true b. false
a. true
Which of the following will result in a failing grade (F) in this course? [choose all that apply] a. failure to address the professor as "Dr. Roy-Faderman" b. Failure to turn in paper c. Failure to memorize what the only morally correct position is on each of the ethical issues we study d. Failure to turn in at least 4 journal entries
b. Failure to turn in the paper d. Failure to turn in at least 4 journal entires
True or False: Growth Attenuation Therapy is used to help kids who might not reach a typical height (who will be "too short" as adults) to grow taller, to a more typical or acceptable height a. True b. False
b. False
Each of the answers below consists of a pair including a position about an issue we've read about and a right which is invoked by some people holding that position. The format of each of these pairs is Position : Relevant Right Which of the following positions and rights are paired incorrectly? [Please choose the one best answer] a. Children with severe mental and physical incapacity should not be given GAT ("Ashley Treatment") : right to bodily integrity b. Involuntary active euthanasia is ethical : right to choose/autonomous choice c. Non-voluntary active euthanasia is unethical : right to life d. Non-voluntary active euthanasia is unethical : right to life
b. Involuntary active euthanasia is ethical : right to choose/autonomous choice
Imagine a case in which a patient, Alex, refuses medications which would delay his death from cancer. Let's say that the physician agrees to do as Alex requests and doesn't prescribe these medications. Which of the following is/are accurate representation/s of Sullivan's response/s to this situation? (choose any / all that apply; there may be more than one answer) a. If Alex is refusing the medication because the medication makes him queasy and will not let him spend time with his kids, Sullivan would say that Alex is morally wrong to do so b. Let's say the physician has agreed to withhold medications on Alex's request because she, the physician, believes Alex will die more quickly that way and thus suffer less. While Rachels would think the physician is doing the ethically correct thing, Sullivan would think that she's not behaving ethically. c. Let's say Alex is refusing the medication because it makes him queasy and he'd rather spend quality time with his grandkids playing baseball than throwing up. Let's say that Alex's doctor agrees not to prescribe the drug because she feels that Alex should determine what works best for his quality of life. Sullivan would think both Alex and the doctor are behaving unethically. d. If Alex is refusing the medication so as to hasten his own death, Sullivan would say that Alex is morally wrong to do so. e. Let's say the physician does as Alex requests and doesn't prescribe the medication. Let's say that the physician hopes this will shorten the time before Alex's death so shorten the time he has to suffer. Because this is passive euthanasia, Sullivan will think the physician behaved ethically.
b. Let's say the physician has agreed to withhold medications on Alex's request because she, the physician, believes Alex will die more quickly that way and thus suffer less. While Rachels would think the physician is doing the ethically correct thing, Sullivan would think that she's not behaving ethically. d. If Alex is refusing the medication so as to hasten his own death, Sullivan would say that Alex is morally wrong to do so.
From the NYT article on GAT: "Parents who object to curbing growth prioritize their child's pleasure and comfort but never at the cost of...concerns like bodily integrity and self-determination." (emphasis added). Which of the following most accurately represents the view of these parents? (choose one best answer; more than one answer might look applicable, but pick the one that best represents the parents' views) a. These parents put increased pleasure over deontological values in determining how to act b. These parents place deontological values over increased pleasure in determining how to act c. These parents illustrate that deontologists never consider consequences in determining how to act d. These parents illustrate that consequentialist never consider things other than consequences when they act.
b. These parents place deontological values over increased pleasure in determining how to act
In the FAQ about Genetic Testing reading, the list of benefits and drawbacks provided would be most useful in which of the following ethical analyses? Choose only one best answer. a. Kantian ethics analysis b. Utilitarian analyses c. Casuist analysis d. Virtue ethics analysis
b. Utilitarian analyses
Act utilitarians determine that an action is immoral by adding up all of the action's potential harms/bad consequences/unhappinesses and comparing those to only the harms of other possible actions (including the possibility of no action). a. true b. false
b. false
I'm going to give you some information here which you should take to be true. Then I'm going to ask you a true/false question. Your answer to this question should only reference the true/false question - it does not need to evaluate the information I've given you. Information There is an ethical theory called egoism. The theory of ethical egoism is the idea that, to be ethical, a person should choose the action that has the most good consequences for him/her/themselves. Question True or False: Ethical egoism is the same as Act Utilitarianism a. true b. false
b. false
I'm going to give you some information that you can take as accurate/correct. I'm then going ask you to asssess statement based on that information as true or false. Information: "Brain death is defined as the irreversible loss of all functions of the brain, including the brainstem. The three essential findings [that means, three things that result from the irreversible loss of all brain function] in brain death are coma, absence of brainstem reflexes, and apnoea [not breathing]" Question: True or False: At the end of her article, Dr. Zitter describes the deaths of three different "Code Death" patients. Given what happens to each after removal of life-support, all three patients were probably brain dead (by definition above) prior to removal of life-support. a. true b. false
b. false
Imagine that I go to the store to buy a quart of milk and some almonds. I take the milk and nuts to the cash-register and ask the clerk for a paper bag. In the midst of the transaction, the store manager stops by and tells the clerk that his paycheck has been left in his mailbox for him. I am little tired, so I don't make small talk, but after I pay, I thank the clerk. I then leave with my groceries. True or False: Kant would say that I've done something immoral since I've used that clerk as a means to an end (getting milk). a. true b. false
b. false
In DNA testing related to ancestry and DNA testing to prevent disease in infants, one potential ethical issue is that testing can sometimes lead to unintended results: finding out that parentage has been misattributed or that an infant might later resent having had a genetic test when they were too young to make the decision themselves. True or False: According to the doctrine of double effect, researchers and genetic scientists performing these tests are ethically responsible for those unintended effects. a. true b. false
b. false
James Rachels thinks that in all cases, voluntary active euthanasia is more ethical than voluntary passive euthanasia a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: The AMA position provides proof that in fact all people always think of death as the greatest evil (bad thing that could happen). a. true b. false
b. false
Let's say that, ethically, murder is defined as unjustified killing of one person by another person or persons (this is how we legally distinguish murder from self-defense or justifiable homicide). Therefore, it must be true that all killing is, ethically speaking, murder. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: According to physician interviewed for the the video/transcript you were provided, genetic testing results are self-explanatory and can be acted on immediately if needed. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: According to the Roy reading, Kantian philosophy is a kind of consequentialism. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: According to the cloning reading, Kantian philosophy is a kind of consequentialism a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: According to the principle of justice, the only way to distribute health care goods is by giving everyone the same goods in the same amounts. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: According to the reading [internet encyclopedia of philosophy], all human rights can be reduced to, or are exclusively identified with, legal rights. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: All deontological theories are rights-based theories. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: All ethical theories that talk about duties posit rights that correspond to those duties. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: All genetic testing provides clear, medically-useful information. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: All human beings are considered to be autonomous. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: All rights theorists believe that, of living organisms, only human beings have rights. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Consequentialists consider feelings/emotions of the person who is considering an action but not of people who might be affected by that action a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Consequentialists never consider feelings/emotions a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Genetic testing in the BabySeq trial found gene mutations strongly linked to diseases treatable in childhood in about 40% of cases. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Genetic testing results do not require interpretation a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Growth Attenuation Therapy is a hormonal treatment with no side effects - it merely results in a child's reduction of final adult size a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: If a child tests positive for a genetically-based disease, there are always medical interventions available to prevent that disease. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: If you test positive for an inherited genetic disease, it means that you will inevitably develop that disease. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: James Rachels thinks that in all cases, voluntary active euthanasia is more ethical than voluntary passive euthanasia. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: James Rachels thinks the AMA position on passive euthanasia proves that all people always think of death as the greatest evil (bad thing that could happen). a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Kant thinks that it is never morally allowable to use other people as means to an end. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Kantians identify rights to determine how to act ethically. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Most people agree that every instance of killing is, and should be called, "murder." a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Newborn genetic testing is the same as (the same person receives the test, and the test provides the same information and should be used in the same way) as Carrier genetic testing. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: One can conclude that James Rachels believes that babies born with both Down syndrome and a related intestinal obstruction should be allowed to die of the obstruction rather than having the obstruction fixed. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: One problem with act utilitarianism is that it doesn't take into account ethics or morals. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Rachels primary argument in favor of active euthanasia for an infant with an intestinal defect and Down syndrome is that the infant has a right to die. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Rachels thinks active euthanasia is always better than passive euthanasia, not just in the case of an infant with Down syndrome a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Rachels uses the example of the baby with Down syndrome to show that all people with intellectual disabilities should be euthanized. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Rule utilitarianism and Kantianism are the same ethical theory because they both rely on rules (maxims) a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Sullivan thinks there's no moral difference between the following two situations: 1) giving someone more morphine for the purposes of relieving that person's pain, which accidentally shuts down their respiration, which in turn eventually kills the patient 2) giving someone morphine for the purposes of killing them by shutting down their respiration, in the hopes that death will result in the patient's pain being relieved. a. true b. false
b. false
True or False: Sullivan would think that intentionally causing a patient's death through an act of omission (e.g. withholding CPR) is morally acceptable a. true b. false
b. false
Which of the following does Sullivan think are potential criteria for judging a treatment to be considered extraordinary? (Please choose ALL that apply; there may be more than one answer). a. removal of the treatment would cause the instantaneous death of the patient b. the treatment is burdensomely expensive c. the treatment provides minimal or no benefit for the patient's condition d. there's no other treatment available for this disease
b. the treatment is burdensomely expensive c. the treatment provides minimal or no benefit for the patient's condition
According to Sullivan (who gets this from Ramsey) which of the following might clarify a treatment as extraordinary? Choose all that apply a. a treatment that is too painful or uncomfortable b. the treatment is too expensive for the patient c. the treatment is required for the patient's survival d. a treatment that doesn't significantly extend the life of the patient e. the treatment cannot be replaced with an equally effective, more accessible, alternative
b. the treatment is too expensive for the patient d. a treatment that doesn't significantly extend the life of the patient ALSO PUT THE ONE BELOW BUT I GOT PARTIAL CREDIT e. the treatment cannot be replaced with an equally effective, more accessible, alternative
True or False: Thomas Sullivan is arguing that stopping doing something (for example, removing medical care) in order to relieve the suffering (for example, suffering caused by that medical care) may be morally acceptable, but stopping doing that thing ( for example, stopping medical care) in order to hasten the patient's death is not morally acceptable, even if death will relieve the patient's suffering. a. false b. true
b. true
Which of the following questions is NOT correctly paired with the "type" of questions it is? [This is a hard question because as you know, these types aren't simple. Please choose the ONE best answer] a. "Should I start my letter 'Dear Ms. Wales' or 'Dear Mrs. Wales?" : etiquette questions b. "Is it morally acceptable for me to pay someone to write my class paper for me?" : ethics question c. "Given the weather, would I be less likely to get my feet wet if I wear boots or sandals today?" : ethics question d. "Is it impolite to call that person a dork?" : ethics question
c. "Given the weather, would I be less likely to get my feet wet if I wear boots or sandals today?" : ethics question
When Rachels talks about the pain and suffering of someone dying of throat cancer, he is making which of the following types of ethical argument? [choose the one best answer] a. Virtue-based argument b. A deontological argument c. A consequentialist argument d. A Kantian argument
c. A consequentialist argument
Choose the belief associated with "misattributed parentage" (choose the one best answer). a. believing, correctly, that you were adopted by the parents who raised you, and thus not genetically related to either of them b. believing that you were conceived using a sperm donor c. believing that one of the parents who raised you is your genetic parent when in fact they are not (and someone else is) d. believing that an ancestry screening is a paternity test
c. believing that one of the parents who raised you is your genetic parent when in fact they are not (and someone else is)
From the NYT article on GAT: "...parents who back growth attenuation tend to believe that maximizing pleasurable experiences and minimizing unpleasant ones is the best way to serve a child with extreme disabilities." Which best describes the type of ethical approach these parents are engaged in? [choose one best answer] a. Kantian b. rights based c. consequentialist d. application of the principle of autonomy
c. consequentialist