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pyruvate oxidation

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix in the presence of O2.

Which of the following is true regarding chemiosmosis?

The energy from a proton gradient is used to make ATP.

Which of the following is a monomer for carbohydrates?

simple sugar

A substance dissolved in a solution

solute

Which of the following is NOT relevant for ATP?

two phosphate groups

directed evolution

using evolutionary processes to engineer new chemicals, molecules, or organisms for a particular use

Which of the following is NOT true about carbon?

versatile because it can share protons

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

water and carbon dioxide

product

what comes out of a chemical reaction

Muscle cells can produce ATP by

- glycolysis - aerobic metabolism.

Reactants of Krebs Cycle

-Acetyl CoA -NAD+ -FAD

How can prokaryotes introduce variation in their populations?

-Conjugation -Mutations

Which are functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

-Lipid synthesis -Protein modification

Which of the following occur during the Krebs cycle?

-NAD+ is reduced to form NADH. -Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.

anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

-Partially breaks down glucose -Uses sulfates/nitrates as electron acceptor in the ETC

Which is an example of diffusion?

-moving from high concentration to low concentration -a drop of dye spreading in a cup of water

How many molecules of ATP can be produced from 1 molecule of glucose in fermentation?

2

What is the net production of ATP, pyruvate, and NADH when one molecule of glucose undergoes glycolysis?

2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate

How long ago did atmospheric oxygen first appear?

2.7

How long ago did the first eukaryotic organisms appear?

2.7 billion

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and some other cell structures.

When one of the three phosphates are removed the resulting compound is called

ADP, Adenosine Diphosphate

The phosphorylation of ADP creates

ATP

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of ATP and how it provides energy?

ATP contains a 5-carbon sugar, three phosphate groups, and an adenine base. Energy is released when the bond between the second phosphate group and third phosphate group is broken.

Which of the following forms of transport uses ATP directly?

Active transport

What is the ATP?

Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport.

Which of the following is true of electron carriers NADH and FADH2?

All of the electrons that enter the transport chain (ETC) come from NADH and FADH2 molecules which are produced during earlier phases of cellular respiration.

Organic fuel molecules

Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, & Glucose serve as ________ ______ molecules that are OXIDIZED and ENTER the Citric Acid Cycle as Acetyl-CoA.

Which of the following must be true about the amino acids that make up the protein?

Amino acids with charged side groups are in contact with the phosphate region of the cell membrane.

Which statement best describes how cholesterol affects cell membrane fluidity?

Cholesterol decreases fluidity at high temperatures and increases fluidity at low temperatures.

oxygen serves as

O2 serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Respiration involves the taking in of the gas ____; expelling of the gas____.

O2; CO2

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Oxidizes NADH to NAD+ Creates a proton gradient Oxidizes FADH2 to FAD

Sunlight can be used to drive the photosynthesis of sugars.

Pathways that transform energy and matter:

What does photosynthesis accomplish?

Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy

Pyruvate

Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis.

isotonic solution

a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

The amount of energy needed to perform a chemical reaction is the

activation energy

What must be reached in order for a reaction to occur?

activation energy

Part of the enzyme where a substrate molecule attaches

active site

Movement across a cell membrane that requires no energy from a cell

active transport

What types of cellular transport require energy?

active transport

Structure of ATP

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain are

aerobic

acetyl coenzyme A

formed when pyruvate first enters into the mitochondria through the active transport.

red blood cells

generate lactate as a waste product.

Cells harvest most of their chemical energy from?

glucose

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

glucose and oxygen

reactants of cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen

Involves the splitting of glucose

glycolysis

Process of cellular respiration in which glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

glycolysis

requires an investment of 2 ATPs

glycolysis

Produces molecules of NADH

glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Occurs in a plant cell

glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

The genetic message contained in DNA is used to build proteins

information flow

Molecules that can inhibit a metabolic reaction by binding to an enzyme & disrupting its function

inhibitor

Nucleus

is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material

Why does the Calvin cycle indirectly depend on the light reaction?

it needs ATP and NADH

What is the energy of motion? Example: leg muscles pushing a bicycle pedal.

kinetic energy

Lactic acid fermentation produces

lactic acid as a byproduct

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

light reactions and calvin cycle

Which of the following do eukaryotes and prokaryotes NOT share?

linear chromosomes

What is lactic fermentation used for?

make ATP without O2

What do ribosomes do?

make proteins

What is the function of ribosomes?

make proteins

Entropy

measure of disorder

Aerobic respiration occurs in the

mitochondria

What smaller molecules make up macro-molecules?

monomers

During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is split into two molecules

of pyruvic acid, producing two molecules of ATP and two high-energy electrons stored in NADH

Eukaryotes

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

osmosis

what can't pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle run without?

oxidative phosphorylation

Which of the following a byproduct created by photosynthesis?

oxygen

Which two structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

plasma membrane and cytoplasm

Name four structures found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

plasma membrane, one or more chromosomes, cytosol, and ribosomes

endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

facilitated diffusion

process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels

Anaerobic respiration and Aerobic respiration both

produce atp and require glucose

Bacteria and Archaea

prokaryotes

Enzymes are

proteins that function as catalysts

Nutrients are constantly ____ through the ecosystem

recycled

What type of muscle fiber do you associate with an endurance/marathon runner?

slow twitch (red)

potential energy

stored energy

What is the name of the specific molecule an enzyme acts upon?

substrate

The direct products from the citric acid cycle are ________.

temporary electron storage compounds

Energy

the capacity to do work

activation energy

the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

active transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy

plasma membrane

the plasma membrane is the boundary that separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings.

cellular respiration

the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food

Chemiosmosis

the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Select an example of kinetic energy

throwing a baseball

Inside the cell, in regards to DNA, what happens?

transcription

Cyanide inhibits

transfer of electrons to the final acceptor in the electron transport chain

A complex carbohydrate is also known as a polysaccharide

true

Can enzyme inhibitors prevent a metabolic reaction from happening?

true

Chemical energy is a form of potential energy.

true

The kinetic energy of muscle movement is stored as potential energy.

true

The negatively charged triphosphate tail of ATP provides potential energy for cellular work.

true

do enzymes speed up a reaction by lowering activation energy.

true

Reactants

what you start with

Backflow of H+ across the membrane powers the ATP synthases

which produce ATP from ADP

Can eukaryotes be single celled?

yes

do plant cells perform cellular respiration?

yes

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplast

Products of Krebs Cycle

CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP

How long ago did the first prokaryotes organisms appear?

3.5 b

Nucleoid

A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated.

Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in a plant cell?

Chloroplast; thylakoid membrane

citric acid cycle

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.

phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.

nuclear envelope

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

Inhibitor

A material that decreases the rate of a reaction

What is the role of mRNA in making a protein?

A molecule of mRNA carries the genetic message from a gene (DNA) to ribosomes that translate it into protein.

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Which statement correctly describes one similarity between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Both include reactions that transform energy.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

What is the most likely cell structure in which chlorophyll a would be located?

Chloroplast

What equation represents cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6o2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + atp (energy)

During the citric acid cycle, what remains of glucose is completely broken down to

CO2 , producing a bit of ATP and a lot of high-energy electrons stored in NADH and FADH2

Which is NOT part of cell theory?

Cells contain membrane-bound organelles

Which of the following is true regarding the proteins involved in facilitated diffusion?

Channel and carrier proteins transport materials at different rates.

What is the relationship between chromosomes, chromatin, and DNA?

Chromosomes are made of chromatin, which is a combination of DNA and proteins.

Citric Acid Cycle

Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide and oxygen are molecules that can move freely across a plasma membrane. What determines the direction that carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules move?

Concentration gradient across the plasma membrane

Which of the following is true regarding glycolysis?

It requires glucose as a reactant.

What stage of cellular respiration produces the majority of ATP?

ETC

Which molecule diffuses through a membrane most quickly?

Ethylene

Energy is never created or destroyed. What happened to the energy that was stored in your gas tank after your car comes to a stop as a result of running out of gas?

It was converted to heat.

Which of the following statements about the Krebs cycle is most accurate?

Not all living things engage in the Krebs cycle.

Which of the following terms applies to this type of cell transport?

Facilitated diffusion

Glucose typically enters the cell through which mechanism?

Facilitated diffusion through a carrier protein

Which way do particles move during active transport?

From areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration

Alcohol fermentation

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.

What is the main transformation that occurs during glycolysis?

Glycolysis produces ATP, pyruvate, and NADH by oxidizing glucose.

A yeast cell is transported from an environment with oxygen to a completely oxygen-free environment. Which of the following answer choices best describes the metabolic changes that will occur in the yeast cell?

Glycolysis will still occur and pyruvate will undergo alcohol fermentation, but the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation will not occur.

Which organelle is responsible for packaging and sending out proteins to their proper destinations?

Golgi body

What is the potential energy source of ATP production by ATP synthase?

H+ gradient in mitochondria

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Which of the following describes how phospholipid regions are positioned in the cell membrane?

Hydrophilic phosphate regions are positioned toward aqueous environments.

Which of the following statements helps support the endosymbiotic theory?

If isolated from a eukaryotic cell, mitochondria can no longer survive and reproduce on their own.

fast glycolytic fibers

Important for short-term intense, powerful movements. Prefer anaerobic glycolysis.

Several different organelles work together to carry out instructions in DNA.

Interactions within biological systems

citric acid cycle is also known as

Krebs cycle

How do lactic acid and alcohol fermentation differ?

Lactic acid fermentation can occur in large muscles in the human body, while alcohol fermentation occurs in yeast and some bacteria.

Near the end of a marathon, a runner notices that she is unable to maintain her fast pace, and her legs feel very cramped and tired. Which of the following explains the runner's observations?

Lactic acid has been produced from anaerobic respiration.

ATP synthase

Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

Which of the following occurs during the light-dependent reactions?

Light energy is captured.

Which intermolecular process primarily drives the formation of a bilayer when phospholipids are added to water?

Lipids cause water to arrange in an ordered, unfavorable cage-like structure. Forcing lipids into a bilayer reduces this effect.

Which organelle, if punctured, would leak digestive enzymes into the cell's cytoplasm?

Lysosome

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

In what part of the cell does the Krebs cycle take place?

Mitochondria

Which cell structure is involved in the generation of metabolic energy?

Mitochondria

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

muscle cells can

Muscle cells can continue to produce ATP when oxygen runs low using lactic acid fermentation

The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons to pump

NAD+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane, eventually handing them off to O2, producing H2O.

Photosynthesis

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

Which 3-carbon molecule is one of the final products of glycolysis?

Pyruvate

passive transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

Anaerobic respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen

anaerobic respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen

Which of the following structures is found in all prokaryotes?

Ribosome

Where is genetic information stored in most prokaryotes?

Singular chromosomes

Which of the following substances is unable to diffuse across the plasma membrane?

Sodium, because ions have charge.

Which of the following is the primary function of the nucleus?

Storing genetic material

Which of the following statements about passive transport is true?

Substances move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

Why do phospholipids spontaneously form into a bilayer when placed in water?

The bilayer structure shields the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids from water while exposing the hydrophilic heads to water.

What is getting oxidized and reduced during cellular respiration?

The carbon atoms in glucose are oxidized, and oxygen is reduced.

What cell structure is the site of photosynthesis in plants?

The chloroplast

How do the prokaryotic cells appear different from the eukaryotic cells?

The prokaryotic cells are smaller than the eukaryotic cells.

Which of the following cell transport processes would be most negatively impacted if a cell no longer had access to oxygen?

The transport of glucose against its concentration gradient in a small intestinal cell.

How is the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell different from the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

There is no membrane enclosing the prokaryotic nucleoid region.

What feature does diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion all share?

They are all types of passive transport.

What is the theory regarding their origins?

They developed from prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by the other cells.

functions that membrane proteins can perform for a cell

Transport Enzymatic activity Intercellular Joining Signal Transduction

A dehydration molecule involves removing a molecule of water.

True

Carbon fixation is the initial incorporation of C from CO2 into organic molecules

True

Compared to a typical animal cell, the cell membranes on the paw of a polar bear would most likely have an increased concentration of which macromolecule?

Unsaturated phospholipids

What cell structure is most likely responsible for whether or not a plant cell is flaccid or turgid?

Vacuole

When do organisms use anaerobic pathways to generate energy?

When there is not enough oxygen available to undergo aerobic cellular respiration

potential energy example

a ball at the top of a hill

What is the ADP?

a lower-enrgy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group

kinetic energy example

a moving car

What is cellular respiration?

a process that converts the chemical energy of sugars and other food molecules to chemical energy in the form of ATP

electron transport chain

a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP

Glycolysis is

anaerobic

Which of the following is an example of a carbohydrate?

apple

During the second half of glycolysis, what occurs?

atp is made

Which of the following are prokaryotes?

bacteria

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

binary fission

what element is essential to an organic compound?

carbon

what is released as a waste product of the citric acid cycle?

carbon dioxide

products of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

organic compounds

carbon-based molecules

cell theory

cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms

What polysaccharide is the primary component of plant cell walls

cellulose

What type of reactions, when all added up, contribute to total metabolism?

chemical

Name three structures in plant cells that animal cells lack.

chloroplasts, a central vacuole, and a cell wall

Produces CO2

citric acid cycle

Produces molecules of FADH2

citric acid cycle

When there exists a difference in the amount of a substance across a distance

concentration gradient

slow oxidative fibers

contract slowly, have slow acting myosin ATPase, and are fatigue resistant

Where does glycolysis take place?

cytoplasm

Movement of a substance from high to low concentration

diffusion

Osmosis

diffusion of water

Produces ATP

electron transport chain

Water is produced

electron transport chain

What are the two types of active transport?

endocytosis and exocytosis

kinetic energy

energy of motion

. A molecule that speeds up chemical reactions is an

enzymes

Involves the continuous passing of electrons

etc

what stage of cellular respiration uses oxygen directly?

etc

alcohol fermentation produces

ethanol + CO2

Which domain are prokaryotes NOT a part of?

eukarya

Which organism can be seen with your eyes?

eukaryote

plants, fungi, animals

eukaryote

Electron shuttles are not necessary for cellular respiration.

false

Enzymes serve as a catalysts that speed up a reaction by changing its chemical make up.

false

The "tails" on the phospholipid bilayer are hydrophilic.

false

types of skeletal muscle fibers

fast fibers, slow fibers, intermediate fibers

how can glycolysis take place without oxygen?

fermentation

Glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid


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