bioo
pyruvate oxidation
Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix in the presence of O2.
Which of the following is true regarding chemiosmosis?
The energy from a proton gradient is used to make ATP.
Which of the following is a monomer for carbohydrates?
simple sugar
A substance dissolved in a solution
solute
Which of the following is NOT relevant for ATP?
two phosphate groups
directed evolution
using evolutionary processes to engineer new chemicals, molecules, or organisms for a particular use
Which of the following is NOT true about carbon?
versatile because it can share protons
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
water and carbon dioxide
product
what comes out of a chemical reaction
Muscle cells can produce ATP by
- glycolysis - aerobic metabolism.
Reactants of Krebs Cycle
-Acetyl CoA -NAD+ -FAD
How can prokaryotes introduce variation in their populations?
-Conjugation -Mutations
Which are functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
-Lipid synthesis -Protein modification
Which of the following occur during the Krebs cycle?
-NAD+ is reduced to form NADH. -Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
-Partially breaks down glucose -Uses sulfates/nitrates as electron acceptor in the ETC
Which is an example of diffusion?
-moving from high concentration to low concentration -a drop of dye spreading in a cup of water
How many molecules of ATP can be produced from 1 molecule of glucose in fermentation?
2
What is the net production of ATP, pyruvate, and NADH when one molecule of glucose undergoes glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate
How long ago did atmospheric oxygen first appear?
2.7
How long ago did the first eukaryotic organisms appear?
2.7 billion
Organelle
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and some other cell structures.
When one of the three phosphates are removed the resulting compound is called
ADP, Adenosine Diphosphate
The phosphorylation of ADP creates
ATP
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of ATP and how it provides energy?
ATP contains a 5-carbon sugar, three phosphate groups, and an adenine base. Energy is released when the bond between the second phosphate group and third phosphate group is broken.
Which of the following forms of transport uses ATP directly?
Active transport
What is the ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport.
Which of the following is true of electron carriers NADH and FADH2?
All of the electrons that enter the transport chain (ETC) come from NADH and FADH2 molecules which are produced during earlier phases of cellular respiration.
Organic fuel molecules
Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, & Glucose serve as ________ ______ molecules that are OXIDIZED and ENTER the Citric Acid Cycle as Acetyl-CoA.
Which of the following must be true about the amino acids that make up the protein?
Amino acids with charged side groups are in contact with the phosphate region of the cell membrane.
Which statement best describes how cholesterol affects cell membrane fluidity?
Cholesterol decreases fluidity at high temperatures and increases fluidity at low temperatures.
oxygen serves as
O2 serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
Respiration involves the taking in of the gas ____; expelling of the gas____.
O2; CO2
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Oxidizes NADH to NAD+ Creates a proton gradient Oxidizes FADH2 to FAD
Sunlight can be used to drive the photosynthesis of sugars.
Pathways that transform energy and matter:
What does photosynthesis accomplish?
Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy
Pyruvate
Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis.
isotonic solution
a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell
The amount of energy needed to perform a chemical reaction is the
activation energy
What must be reached in order for a reaction to occur?
activation energy
Part of the enzyme where a substrate molecule attaches
active site
Movement across a cell membrane that requires no energy from a cell
active transport
What types of cellular transport require energy?
active transport
Structure of ATP
adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups
the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain are
aerobic
acetyl coenzyme A
formed when pyruvate first enters into the mitochondria through the active transport.
red blood cells
generate lactate as a waste product.
Cells harvest most of their chemical energy from?
glucose
What are the reactants of cellular respiration?
glucose and oxygen
reactants of cellular respiration
glucose and oxygen
Involves the splitting of glucose
glycolysis
Process of cellular respiration in which glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
glycolysis
requires an investment of 2 ATPs
glycolysis
Produces molecules of NADH
glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Occurs in a plant cell
glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
The genetic message contained in DNA is used to build proteins
information flow
Molecules that can inhibit a metabolic reaction by binding to an enzyme & disrupting its function
inhibitor
Nucleus
is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material
Why does the Calvin cycle indirectly depend on the light reaction?
it needs ATP and NADH
What is the energy of motion? Example: leg muscles pushing a bicycle pedal.
kinetic energy
Lactic acid fermentation produces
lactic acid as a byproduct
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
light reactions and calvin cycle
Which of the following do eukaryotes and prokaryotes NOT share?
linear chromosomes
What is lactic fermentation used for?
make ATP without O2
What do ribosomes do?
make proteins
What is the function of ribosomes?
make proteins
Entropy
measure of disorder
Aerobic respiration occurs in the
mitochondria
What smaller molecules make up macro-molecules?
monomers
During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is split into two molecules
of pyruvic acid, producing two molecules of ATP and two high-energy electrons stored in NADH
Eukaryotes
organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
what can't pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle run without?
oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following a byproduct created by photosynthesis?
oxygen
Which two structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
plasma membrane and cytoplasm
Name four structures found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
plasma membrane, one or more chromosomes, cytosol, and ribosomes
endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
facilitated diffusion
process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels
Anaerobic respiration and Aerobic respiration both
produce atp and require glucose
Bacteria and Archaea
prokaryotes
Enzymes are
proteins that function as catalysts
Nutrients are constantly ____ through the ecosystem
recycled
What type of muscle fiber do you associate with an endurance/marathon runner?
slow twitch (red)
potential energy
stored energy
What is the name of the specific molecule an enzyme acts upon?
substrate
The direct products from the citric acid cycle are ________.
temporary electron storage compounds
Energy
the capacity to do work
activation energy
the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
active transport
the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
plasma membrane
the plasma membrane is the boundary that separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings.
cellular respiration
the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
Chemiosmosis
the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Select an example of kinetic energy
throwing a baseball
Inside the cell, in regards to DNA, what happens?
transcription
Cyanide inhibits
transfer of electrons to the final acceptor in the electron transport chain
A complex carbohydrate is also known as a polysaccharide
true
Can enzyme inhibitors prevent a metabolic reaction from happening?
true
Chemical energy is a form of potential energy.
true
The kinetic energy of muscle movement is stored as potential energy.
true
The negatively charged triphosphate tail of ATP provides potential energy for cellular work.
true
do enzymes speed up a reaction by lowering activation energy.
true
Reactants
what you start with
Backflow of H+ across the membrane powers the ATP synthases
which produce ATP from ADP
Can eukaryotes be single celled?
yes
do plant cells perform cellular respiration?
yes
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplast
Products of Krebs Cycle
CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP
How long ago did the first prokaryotes organisms appear?
3.5 b
Nucleoid
A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated.
Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in a plant cell?
Chloroplast; thylakoid membrane
citric acid cycle
A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.
phospholipid bilayer
A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.
nuclear envelope
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell
Inhibitor
A material that decreases the rate of a reaction
What is the role of mRNA in making a protein?
A molecule of mRNA carries the genetic message from a gene (DNA) to ribosomes that translate it into protein.
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
Which statement correctly describes one similarity between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Both include reactions that transform energy.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
What is the most likely cell structure in which chlorophyll a would be located?
Chloroplast
What equation represents cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6o2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + atp (energy)
During the citric acid cycle, what remains of glucose is completely broken down to
CO2 , producing a bit of ATP and a lot of high-energy electrons stored in NADH and FADH2
Which is NOT part of cell theory?
Cells contain membrane-bound organelles
Which of the following is true regarding the proteins involved in facilitated diffusion?
Channel and carrier proteins transport materials at different rates.
What is the relationship between chromosomes, chromatin, and DNA?
Chromosomes are made of chromatin, which is a combination of DNA and proteins.
Citric Acid Cycle
Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are molecules that can move freely across a plasma membrane. What determines the direction that carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules move?
Concentration gradient across the plasma membrane
Which of the following is true regarding glycolysis?
It requires glucose as a reactant.
What stage of cellular respiration produces the majority of ATP?
ETC
Which molecule diffuses through a membrane most quickly?
Ethylene
Energy is never created or destroyed. What happened to the energy that was stored in your gas tank after your car comes to a stop as a result of running out of gas?
It was converted to heat.
Which of the following statements about the Krebs cycle is most accurate?
Not all living things engage in the Krebs cycle.
Which of the following terms applies to this type of cell transport?
Facilitated diffusion
Glucose typically enters the cell through which mechanism?
Facilitated diffusion through a carrier protein
Which way do particles move during active transport?
From areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration
Alcohol fermentation
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.
What is the main transformation that occurs during glycolysis?
Glycolysis produces ATP, pyruvate, and NADH by oxidizing glucose.
A yeast cell is transported from an environment with oxygen to a completely oxygen-free environment. Which of the following answer choices best describes the metabolic changes that will occur in the yeast cell?
Glycolysis will still occur and pyruvate will undergo alcohol fermentation, but the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation will not occur.
Which organelle is responsible for packaging and sending out proteins to their proper destinations?
Golgi body
What is the potential energy source of ATP production by ATP synthase?
H+ gradient in mitochondria
Hypertonic
Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.
hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
Which of the following describes how phospholipid regions are positioned in the cell membrane?
Hydrophilic phosphate regions are positioned toward aqueous environments.
Which of the following statements helps support the endosymbiotic theory?
If isolated from a eukaryotic cell, mitochondria can no longer survive and reproduce on their own.
fast glycolytic fibers
Important for short-term intense, powerful movements. Prefer anaerobic glycolysis.
Several different organelles work together to carry out instructions in DNA.
Interactions within biological systems
citric acid cycle is also known as
Krebs cycle
How do lactic acid and alcohol fermentation differ?
Lactic acid fermentation can occur in large muscles in the human body, while alcohol fermentation occurs in yeast and some bacteria.
Near the end of a marathon, a runner notices that she is unable to maintain her fast pace, and her legs feel very cramped and tired. Which of the following explains the runner's observations?
Lactic acid has been produced from anaerobic respiration.
ATP synthase
Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
Which of the following occurs during the light-dependent reactions?
Light energy is captured.
Which intermolecular process primarily drives the formation of a bilayer when phospholipids are added to water?
Lipids cause water to arrange in an ordered, unfavorable cage-like structure. Forcing lipids into a bilayer reduces this effect.
Which organelle, if punctured, would leak digestive enzymes into the cell's cytoplasm?
Lysosome
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
In what part of the cell does the Krebs cycle take place?
Mitochondria
Which cell structure is involved in the generation of metabolic energy?
Mitochondria
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
muscle cells can
Muscle cells can continue to produce ATP when oxygen runs low using lactic acid fermentation
The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons to pump
NAD+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane, eventually handing them off to O2, producing H2O.
Photosynthesis
Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
Fermentation
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
Which 3-carbon molecule is one of the final products of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
passive transport
Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient
Anaerobic respiration
Respiration that does not require oxygen
anaerobic respiration
Respiration that does not require oxygen
Which of the following structures is found in all prokaryotes?
Ribosome
Where is genetic information stored in most prokaryotes?
Singular chromosomes
Which of the following substances is unable to diffuse across the plasma membrane?
Sodium, because ions have charge.
Which of the following is the primary function of the nucleus?
Storing genetic material
Which of the following statements about passive transport is true?
Substances move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Why do phospholipids spontaneously form into a bilayer when placed in water?
The bilayer structure shields the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids from water while exposing the hydrophilic heads to water.
What is getting oxidized and reduced during cellular respiration?
The carbon atoms in glucose are oxidized, and oxygen is reduced.
What cell structure is the site of photosynthesis in plants?
The chloroplast
How do the prokaryotic cells appear different from the eukaryotic cells?
The prokaryotic cells are smaller than the eukaryotic cells.
Which of the following cell transport processes would be most negatively impacted if a cell no longer had access to oxygen?
The transport of glucose against its concentration gradient in a small intestinal cell.
How is the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell different from the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?
There is no membrane enclosing the prokaryotic nucleoid region.
What feature does diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion all share?
They are all types of passive transport.
What is the theory regarding their origins?
They developed from prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by the other cells.
functions that membrane proteins can perform for a cell
Transport Enzymatic activity Intercellular Joining Signal Transduction
A dehydration molecule involves removing a molecule of water.
True
Carbon fixation is the initial incorporation of C from CO2 into organic molecules
True
Compared to a typical animal cell, the cell membranes on the paw of a polar bear would most likely have an increased concentration of which macromolecule?
Unsaturated phospholipids
What cell structure is most likely responsible for whether or not a plant cell is flaccid or turgid?
Vacuole
When do organisms use anaerobic pathways to generate energy?
When there is not enough oxygen available to undergo aerobic cellular respiration
potential energy example
a ball at the top of a hill
What is the ADP?
a lower-enrgy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group
kinetic energy example
a moving car
What is cellular respiration?
a process that converts the chemical energy of sugars and other food molecules to chemical energy in the form of ATP
electron transport chain
a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP
Glycolysis is
anaerobic
Which of the following is an example of a carbohydrate?
apple
During the second half of glycolysis, what occurs?
atp is made
Which of the following are prokaryotes?
bacteria
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
binary fission
what element is essential to an organic compound?
carbon
what is released as a waste product of the citric acid cycle?
carbon dioxide
products of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
organic compounds
carbon-based molecules
cell theory
cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms
What polysaccharide is the primary component of plant cell walls
cellulose
What type of reactions, when all added up, contribute to total metabolism?
chemical
Name three structures in plant cells that animal cells lack.
chloroplasts, a central vacuole, and a cell wall
Produces CO2
citric acid cycle
Produces molecules of FADH2
citric acid cycle
When there exists a difference in the amount of a substance across a distance
concentration gradient
slow oxidative fibers
contract slowly, have slow acting myosin ATPase, and are fatigue resistant
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
Movement of a substance from high to low concentration
diffusion
Osmosis
diffusion of water
Produces ATP
electron transport chain
Water is produced
electron transport chain
What are the two types of active transport?
endocytosis and exocytosis
kinetic energy
energy of motion
. A molecule that speeds up chemical reactions is an
enzymes
Involves the continuous passing of electrons
etc
what stage of cellular respiration uses oxygen directly?
etc
alcohol fermentation produces
ethanol + CO2
Which domain are prokaryotes NOT a part of?
eukarya
Which organism can be seen with your eyes?
eukaryote
plants, fungi, animals
eukaryote
Electron shuttles are not necessary for cellular respiration.
false
Enzymes serve as a catalysts that speed up a reaction by changing its chemical make up.
false
The "tails" on the phospholipid bilayer are hydrophilic.
false
types of skeletal muscle fibers
fast fibers, slow fibers, intermediate fibers
how can glycolysis take place without oxygen?
fermentation
Glycolysis
first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid