Biopsych 3

Click on target 1a Click on the image to indicate the location of voltage-gated sodium channels.

-In between the head and black part -In between the 2 black parts -In between base and black part

Brain area 5 Before menopause, circulating estrogen transiently increases the number of dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons, a demonstration of the ___________ effect of hormones. A direct B non-genomic C Organizational D activational E sex-specific

D Activational

Diseases 4 Amyloid beta oligomers cause the ___________ of both AMPA and NMDA receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. A sensitization B upregulation C Hyperpolarization D internalization E Dephosphorylation

D Internalization

Multiple choice 24 Receptor agonists: A Have increased affinity for a given receptor as compared to receptor antagonists B Elicit more potent responses upon binding to a receptor than the endogenous ligand C Can only be produced exogenously outside of the body D Mimick the actions of endogenous ligands that bind to that receptor E Prevent the receptor from activating a biological response

D Mimick the actions of endogenous ligands that bind to that receptor

Sensory systems 1 The transduction of physical energy, such as pressure or stretch, which depolarizes the membrane potential of a sensory neuron is called: A. An action potential B. a post synaptic potential C. adaption D. A receptor potential E. Lateral inhibition

D. A receptor potential

If arrow (D) is pointing to a groove in the cortex, then it is called a: A. Tract B. Ventricle C. Lesion D. Sulcus E. Gyrus

D. Sulcus

Drugs/reward 2 Medium spiny neurons, as illustrated here, are found in the reward pathway. This brain area becomes activated during: A. chronic stress B. disinhibition C. acute stress D. drug craving E. sleep

D. drug craving

Pain 1: Mu-opioid receptors are found in high concentrations in all of the following structures EXCEPT: A. Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) B. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) C. Nucleus acumens D. Periaqueductal gray (PAG) E. Corpus collosum

E. Corpus collosum

Sorting 4 Put the following steps, which illustrate the events underlying the amyloid hypothesis, in the correct order starting with the normal functioning of amyloid precursor protein (APP). -Amyloid plaques cause an inflammatory response that leads to cell death and gradual cognitive decline -90% of beta-amyloid peptides are soluble and broken down by the body but about 10% is insoluble and these peptides start to stick together -APP is a transmembrane signaling molecule that is expressed on the plasma membrane -Enzymes including presenilins cut APP which releases the beta-amyloid fragment into the extracellular space -Plaques form as insoluble peptides accumulate along with other molecules including glial cells that it may get trapped

-APP is a transmembrane signaling molecule that is expressed on the plasma membrane -Enzymes including presenilins cut APP which releases the beta-amyloid fragment into the extracellular space -90% of beta-amyloid peptides are soluble and broken down by the body but about 10% is insoluble and these peptides start to stick together -Plaques form as insoluble peptides accumulate along with other molecules including glial cells that it may get trapped -Amyloid plaques cause an inflammatory response that leads to cell death and gradual cognitive decline

Click on target 1c Click on the image to indicate the location of voltage-gated calcium channels.

-At the axon terminal -And the bottom with the spikes

Click on target 1b Click on the image to indicate the location of an inhibitory synapse.

-The axon terminal connecting to the cell body (only one of them)

Matching 3 Match the following terms in the left column with their appropriate description in the right column. -Trepanation: -Rudimentary brain surgery as evidenced by human fossils -Unipolar neurons: -Each cell's firing field encodes a different location in the overall spatial field -Place cells: -Formed by cells lining blood vessels and astrocytes -Phrenology: -Supported by the tendency for animals with larger brains to manifest more complex and intelligent behavior -Blood brain barrier: -Describes most sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system

-Trepanation: Rudimentary brain surgery as evidenced by human fossils -Unipolar neurons: Describes most sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system -Place cells: Each cell's firing field encodes a different location in the overall spatial field -Phrenology: Supported by the tendency for animals with larger brains to manifest more complex and intelligent behavior -Blood brain barrier: Formed by cells lining blood vessels and astrocytes

Matching 1 Match the following concepts in the left column with its corresponding location in the right column -retrograde transport: -brain -site of action potentials initiation: -axon hillock -site of protein synthesis: -optic nerves -the "seat of intelligence and sensation" according to Hippocrates: -microtubules -site of lesions in a Multiple Sclerosis patient with double vision: -rough ER

-retrograde transport: -microtubules -site of action potentials initiation: -axon hillock -site of protein synthesis: -rough endoplasmic reticulum -the "seat of intelligence and sensation" according to Hippocrates: -brain -site of lesions in a Multiple Sclerosis patient with double vision: -optic nerves

Sorting 2 Put the following steps in their correct order for the process of making ligand-gated receptors to be embedding in the post-synaptic dendrite 1 mRNA translation by ribosomes 2 Proteolysis and/or glycosylation in the golgi apparatus 3 Hydrogen bonds support its tertiary structure within the plasma membrane 4 Gene transcription from a cell's DNA 5 Interactions with polar water molecules in the dendrites creates α-helix or β-pleated sheets 6 Neurotransmitter is sorted and packaged into vesicles

4 Gene transcription from a cell's DNA 1 mRNA translation by ribosomes 2 Proteolysis and/or glycosylation in the golgi apparatus 6 Neurotransmitter is sorted and packaged into vesicles 5 Interactions with polar water molecules in the dendrites creates α-helix or β-pleated sheets 3 Hydrogen bonds support its tertiary structure within the plasma membrane

Sorting 1 Put the following steps in order to describe the process of sending a signal across a chemical synapse between two neurons. 1 Neurotransmitter is broken down or diffuses away from the synaptic cleft 2 Calcium enters the pre-synaptic cell 3 Vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane 4 Voltage-gated calcium channels open

4 Voltage-gated calcium channels open 2 Calcium enters the pre-synaptic cell 3 Vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane 1 Neurotransmitter is broken down or diffuses away from the synaptic cleft

Sorting 3 Put the following steps in order to generate an action potential in a post-synaptic neuron. Follow the law of dynamic polarization model. 1 Summation of EPSPs causes the axonal membrane next to the soma to reach threshold potential 2 An action potential progresses towards the post-synaptic neuron's axonal terminal via saltatory conduction 3 A confirmational change opens ionotropic receptors selective for sodium 4 Ion entry from multiple synapses cause small EPSPs to arrive at the soma at the same time 5 Neurotransmitter binds to their appropriate receptor on the post-synaptic dendrite

5 Neurotransmitter binds to their appropriate receptor on the post-synaptic dendrite 3 A confirmational change opens ionotropic receptors selective for sodium 4 Ion entry from multiple synapses cause small EPSPs to arrive at the soma at the same time 1 Summation of EPSPs causes the axonal membrane next to the soma to reach threshold potential 2 An action potential progresses towards the post-synaptic neuron's axonal terminal via saltatory conduction

Multiple choice 3 The Goldman Equation is used to: A Calculate membrane potential B Calculate permeability potentials of ions C Calculate ion concentrations D Calculate equilibrium potentials of ions E Calculate permeability ratios of ions

A Calculate membrane potential

Treatment 6 All of the following are true statements about endocannabinoids EXCEPT: A. There are no known agonist drugs which can mimic the effect of this endogenous ligand B They are naturally occuring neurotransmitters produced in the body, much like endorphins C They bind to cannabinoid receptors D In the brain, cannabinoid receptors are concentrated in brain areas that modulate and coordinate body movements E They promote neuron survival during development

A. There are no known agonist drugs which can mimic the effect of this endogenous ligand

Drugs/reward 3 Medium spiny neurons, as illustrated here, are found in the reward pathway. This brain area is hypothesized to be overactive in the ___________ pathway. A. Mesolimbic B. Mesocortical C. Nigrostriatal D. Serotonergic E. Cholinergic

A. Mesolimbic

Neuroanatomy 4 Lesioning the parietal love could cause which of these symptoms? A. Numbness (deceased sense of touch) B. Motor ataxia such as the inability to move your arms C. language production difficulties D. Impaired performance on a Landmark discrimination task i.e "where an object is" E. General lack of balance

A. Numbness (deceased sense of touch) E. General lack of balance

True or False 8 Wernicke's area is a true association area which is activated by hearing words, reading or touching braille, and when communicating with sign language A. True B. False

A. True

Matching 4 Match the treatments in the left column with the specific disease for which they are prescribed for. There is one dummy term in the right column that will not be used. -Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor- Alzheimer's disease -GABA enhancers- Depression -L-dopa- Seizures -Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors- Parkinson's disease- -Dopamine antagonist- Paranoid schizophrenia

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor- Alzheimer's disease GABA enhancers- Seizures L-dopa- Parkinson's disease- Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors- Depression Dopamine antagonist- Paranoid schizophrenia

Multiple choice 23 All of the following are true for both AMPA and NMDA receptors EXCEPT: A Both are found on the post-synaptic membrane B Both are receptors for GABA C Both are ionotropic receptors D Both can result in excitatory post-synaptic potentials E Both permit sodium ions to enter the cell when activated

B Both are receptors for GABA

Multiple choice 1 Brain trauma, due to repetitive head injuries during contact sports, has been shown to increase ___________of beta-amyloid pre-cursor proteins. A Potency B Hydrolysis C Glycosylation D Condensation E Myelination

B Hydrolysis

Multiple choice 22 The Neuron Doctrine is attributed to: A Hippocrates B Ramon y Cajal C Aristotle D Franz Gall E Descartes

B Ramon y Cajal

Causes 1 Traumatic brain injury can lead to many different neurological disorders. The disorder that is LEAST likely to be the result of such injury is: A Parkinson's disease B schizophrenia C amnesia D partial seizures E Alzheimer's disease

B Schizophrenia

Spinal cord 3 In the knee-jerk reflex, the letter ___ neurons would be absent. A. A (right side horn) B. B (left root) C. C (right root) D. All of these neurons would be present

B. B (left root)

Olfaction 4: Which model of olfactory coding is supported? Each colored neuron contains a different olfactory receptor gene. (picture of the 3 distributions of bulbs) A. A B. B C. C

B. B (the one with random olfactory neurons going to same glomerulus)

Vertebrate nervous system 1 Your fingers are ______ to your shoulders A. dorsal B. distal C. ventral D. proximal E. medial

B. Distal

True or false 1 Patients with either frontal or parietal lobe damage will improve their performance on the Block Design Test when a grid is placed over the picture A. True B. False

B. False

True or false 2: Michael's motorcycle accident caused permanent anterograde visual memory loss A. True B. False

B. False

True or false 5 Neurons in the LGN have orientation selective receptive fields such that they respond best to a bar at a certain orientation or angle A. True B. False

B. False

True or false 6 Sensory receptors respond to external stimuli only A. True B. False

B. False

Brain area 3 Rodents with lesions in their basal ganglia showed deficits in a memory task of: A object recognition i.e. non-matching to sample task where animals spend more time with a novel object B spatial-location recognition i.e. radial arm maze C motor behavior i.e. response recognition task where animals are expected to remember if they previously turned left or right D contextual fear conditioning i.e. animals remember where they were previously shocked and freeze in response E visuospatial perception i.e. Morris water maze

C motor behavior i.e. response recognition task where animals are expected to remember if they previously turned left or right

Treatment 3 A common side effect of typical antipsychotics, such as Thorazine, is: A delusions B temporary amnesia C movement disorders D pain E Insomnia

C movement disorders

Causes 2 Joe is a freshman at NEU and suffers from epileptic seizures. Every time he hears a fire alarm, he falls to the floor convulsing and then loses consciousness. This is unusual because: A seizures do not include the loss of movement control B seizures do not include the loss of consciousness C seizures are usually not triggered by an external stimulus D seizures do not affect young adults E seizures are way more common among females

C seizures are usually not triggered by an external stimulus

Spinal cord 1 Which letter corresponds to a motor efferent in the ventral roots? A. A (right side horn) B. B (right side root) C. C (left side root) D. none of the above

C. C (left side root)

Olfaction 3: Odor-evoked memories are unusually emotionally potent because of projections to which two brain areas? (Select all correct answers) A. prefrontal cortex B. Anterior cingulated cortex C. Hippocampus D. Amygdala E. Thalamus

C. Hippocampus D. Amygdala

Pain sorting Put the following steps in the correct order. Start from the emotional pathway and continue in this "top-down" manner. A. Enkephalins bind to mu-opiod receptors expressed on the axonal terminals of nociceptors B. Decreased calcium spike greatly reduces or abolishes the release of Substance P into the synapse C. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) integrates sensory input with emotional and cognitive state D. Dorsal horn neurons decrease their firing rate E. Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray area (PAG) activates the release of the body's natural painkillers

C. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) integrates sensory input with emotional and cognitive state E. Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray area (PAG) activates the release of the body's natural painkillers A. Enkephalins bind to mu-opiod receptors expressed on the axonal terminals of nociceptors B. Decreased calcium spike greatly reduces or abolishes the release of Substance P into the synapse D. Dorsal horn neurons decrease their firing rate

Olfaction 2: If receptors were discovered in the human vomeronasal organ, they would first project to be the: A. reward pathway B. basal ganglia C. accessory olfactory bulb D. hindbrain E. thalamus

C. accessory olfactory bulb

NMJ 2 If a neuromuscular junction has been injected with Botox: A Neurotransmitter would be released (exocytosed) but will not bind to the post-synaptic receptor B You would expect a larger post-synaptic response when recording the muscle C There would be no difference on synaptic transmission and the post-synaptic response on the muscle would be unchanged D No neurotransmitter would be released from the pre-synaptic axonal terminal E Neurotransmitter would be released but it will block instead of activate the post-synaptic receptor

D No neurotransmitter would be released from the pre-synaptic axonal terminal

Case 1 The Terri Schiavo case was a seven-year long legal effort by Terri's husband to have his wife disconnected from life support after she had been diagnosed as being in a "persistent vegetative state" for several years. He was eventually successful and Terri died in 2005. According to medical reports, she displayed spontaneous (involuntary) motor activity, sleep/wake cycles, and expressions of emotion such as smiling and grimacing. Because Terri displayed sleep/wake (arousal) states, we can deduce that all of the following brain areas were intact and functional EXCEPT: A. reticular formation B. locus coeruleus C. basal forebrain D. substantia nigra E. raphe nucleus

D. substantia nigra

Auditory 2 Our ability to localize the source of a HIGH frequency sound depends on: A. sound waves arriving at both ears in different places B. our primary auditory cortex C. the shape of our pinna D. the shape of intensity difference perceive by both ears E. visual stimuli that provides multimodal inputs

D. the shape of intensity difference perceive by both ears

Fill in the blank 1 A twofold increase in the sodium conductance at rest would __(one word) the resting membrane potential of a neuron. This is due to the high amount of (two words) for sodium ion movement since the membrane potential of the neuron is so far away from the sodium (one word) potential.

Depolarize Driving force Equilibrium

Case 3 The Terri Schiavo case was a seven-year long legal effort by Terri's husband to have his wife disconnected from life support after she had been diagnosed as being in a "persistent vegetative state" for several years. He was eventually successful and Terri died in 2005. According to medical reports, she displayed spontaneous (involuntary) motor activity, sleep/wake cycles, and expressions of emotion such as smiling and grimacing. Terri's facial displays of emotion starkly contrast the masked and stiff face of patients suffering from: A. Huntington's disease B. schizophrenia C. depression D. drug withdrawal E. Parkinson's disease

E. Parkinson's disease

Neuroanatomy 1 Structure (A) is part of the _______ and is responsible for ______ A. cerebellum: coordination of balance B. limbic system: emotions C. temporal love: sound processing D. vomeronasal organ: pheromone detection E. Reticular formation: maintaining arousal

E. Reticular formation: maintaining arousal

Sensory systems 3 Which of the following demonstrates the LEAST orderly representation of a feature encoded by its sensory system? A. hair cells arrangement in the cochlea B. homunculus of the somatosensory cortex C. orientation columns in the visual cortex D. glomeruli in the olfactory bulb E. olfactory receptor neurons expressing different genes in the olfactory epithelium

E. olfactory receptor neurons expressing different genes in the olfactory epithelium

Midterm 1 NMJ 1 If you were to remove ALL of the calcium from the fluid OUTSIDE (and around) a neuromuscular junction, and then stimulate the pre-synaptic neuron, would you record a post-synaptic potential like that in Figure (A) or in Figure (B) in the post-synaptic muscle? Click on the figure to indicate your response. Figure A(normal) Figure B(flat line)

Figure B(flat line)

NMJ 4 If you stimulate the pre-synaptic neuron to fire an action potential in a Myasthenia Gravis patient (who has jogged around Centennial Commons a dozen times), you would expect the post-synaptic muscle response to look like that in Figure (A) or in Figure (B)? Click on the figure to indicate your response. Figure A(normal) Figure B(flat line)

Figure B(flat line)

Fill in the blank 3 NMDA receptors are gated by both ___ (one word- be precise) and strong __ (one word) that can be achieved during ___ (1-2 words) stimulation.

Glutamate Depolarization High frequency

Fill in the blanks Pyramidal neurons, as illustrated here, are found in the __of the limbic system. The highly stereotyped pattern of arrangement of pyramidal neurons (as seen in a healthy adult) exhibits a disordered organization in patients suffering from___. Electroconvulsive shock therapy and pharmacological treatments for depression have been shown to cause ___ of pyramidal neurons. For each fill in the blank, the correct response is one word only. While not case sensitive, please watch your spelling.

hippocampus schizophrenia neurogenesis

Matching 3 Match each of the following neurotransmitters with their subcortical brain structure source i.e. where do you find those neurotransmitter cell bodies? There is one dummy term in the right column that will not be used. -Acetylcholine- Locus coeruleus -Dopamine- Substantia nigra -Norepinephrine- Raphe nucleus- -Serotonin- Basal forebrain

-Acetylcholine- Basal forebrain -Dopamine- Substantia nigra -Norepinephrine- Locus coeruleus -Serotonin- Raphe nucleus

Sorting 2 The AVPV, a nucleus found in the preoptic area, is larger in females than in males. Put the following steps in the correct order to demonstrate the effect of androgens for causing this sexual dimorphism. -The steroid hormone passes through the plasma membrane of AVPV neurons and binds to intracellular receptors. -Androgens released by developing testes are enzymatically converted by aromatase. -Gene transcription of a cell death protein is induced -mRNA exits the nucleus and is translated by ribosomes and post-translationally processed in the golgi apparatus. -The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus and binds to DNA.

-Androgens released by developing testes are enzymatically converted by aromatase. -The steroid hormone passes through the plasma membrane of AVPV neurons and binds to intracellular receptors. -The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus and binds to DNA. -Gene transcription of a cell death protein is induced. -mRNA exits the nucleus and is translated by ribosomes and post-translationally processed in the golgi apparatus.

Sorting 3 Synaptic plasticity changes can occur in response to drug abuse and withdrawal. Put the following steps in the correct order for a hypothetical cocaine user from onset of first use to an unfortunate overdose after several weeks of drug recovery. -Chronic drug use decreases the number of post-synaptic receptors and dendritic spines become thinner. -Cocaine acts as a potent agonist at dopaminergic synapses which activates the reward pathway. -A greater amount of cocaine consumption is now necessary in order to elicit the same drug high as first use. -Dendritic spines begin to increase in number and enlarge in size after several weeks of abstinence. -Post-synaptic receptor composition shifts to express more NMDA which potentiates the synapse making the user more susceptible to an overdose.

-Cocaine acts as a potent agonist at dopaminergic synapses which activates the reward pathway. -Chronic drug use decreases the number of post-synaptic receptors and dendritic spines become thinner. -A greater amount of cocaine consumption is now necessary in order to elicit the same drug high as first use. -Dendritic spines begin to increase in number and enlarge in size after several weeks of abstinence. -Post-synaptic receptor composition shifts to express more NMDA which potentiates the synapse making the user more susceptible to an overdose.

Sorting 1 Put the following steps in the stress response pathway in order. First step in this process is when a mouse detects a predator (cat) that it can see, smell and hear. -The adrenal glands are activated to produce glucocorticoids like cortisol. -The hypothalamus begins secreting CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone). -Negative feedback onto the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary decrease their secretory activity. -Cells in the anterior pituitary are activated so they start releasing ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone) into the bloodstream. -External stimuli are processed by multiple sensory cortices which then pass this information onto the master control center.

-External stimuli are processed by multiple sensory cortices which then pass this information onto the master control center. -The hypothalamus begins secreting CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone). -Cells in the anterior pituitary are activated so they start releasing ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone) into the bloodstream. -The adrenal glands are activated to produce glucocorticoids like cortisol. -Negative feedback onto the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary decrease their secretory activity

Matching 2 For each of the drugs in the left column, match with the most appropriate statement regarding their mode of action or effect. There is one dummy term in the right column that will not be used. -LSD- Depolarizes neurons in the VTA which increases the release of more monoamine neurotransmitters -Nicotine- mimics dopamine and causes dopamine transporter to work in reverse -Cannabinoids- Disinhibits the reward pathway by reducing the inhibitory effects of presynaptic GABA interneurons -Benzodiazepines- Activates pre-synaptic autoreceptors that negatively feeds back to decrease neurotransmitter release -Amphetamines- When combined with alcohol¸ can exert supra-inhibitory CNS depressant effects that may interfere with heartbeat and breathing

-LSD- Activates pre-synaptic autoreceptors that negatively feeds back to decrease neurotransmitter release -Nicotine- Depolarizes neurons in the VTA which increases the release of more monoamine neurotransmitters -Cannabinoids- Disinhibits the reward pathway by reducing the inhibitory effects of presynaptic -GABA interneurons -Benzodiazepines- When combined with alcohol¸ can exert supra-inhibitory CNS depressant effects that may interfere with heartbeat and breathing --Amphetamines- mimics dopamine and causes dopamine transporter to work in reverse

Visual sorting Put the following steps in the correct order. Not all of the steps in the visual processing pathway are given. -ON-center and OFF- center bipolar cells hyperpolarize or depolarize -Retinal ganglion cells with center-surround receptive fields increases or decreased their base line firing rates -Photons of light are absorbed by photopigments found in the membranous disks of rods and cones -Sodium channels that are open in the dark now close in response to the light and result in a transient hyperpolarization of photoreceptors -Light reflects off a distant object is focused by ciliary muscles that control the shape of the lens

-Light reflects off a distant object is focused by ciliary muscles that control the shape of the lens -Photons of light are absorbed by photopigments found in the membranous disks of rods and cones -Sodium channels that are open in the dark now close in response to the light and result in a transient hyperpolarization of photoreceptors -ON-center and OFF- center bipolar cells hyperpolarize or depolarize -Retinal ganglion cells with center-surround receptive fields increases or decreased their base line firing rates

Matching 1 For each of the following histological or genetic abnormalities, match with the best possible statement. There is one dummy statement in the right column that will not be used. -Mutations in the presenilin gene - Hypothesized to cause the death of neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia -Lewy bodies- Results in deficits in acetylcholine and GABA secretion by the striatum of the basal ganglia -Amyloid plaques- Leads to early onset Alzheimer's disease typical in Down's syndrome patients that live to be over 30 years old -Neurofibrilliary tangles- Composed of phosphorylated tau cytoskeletal protein: large numbers of these displace normal neurons in the hippocampus -"CAG" nucleotide base pair repeats- induces calcium dysregulation whereby high calcium waves lead to excitotoxicity of pyramidal neurons

-Mutations in the presenilin gene - Leads to early onset Alzheimer's disease typical in Down's syndrome patients that live to be over 30 years old -Lewy bodies- Hypothesized to cause the death of neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia -Amyloid plaques- induces calcium dysregulation whereby high calcium waves lead to excitotoxicity of pyramidal neurons -Neurofibrilliary tangles- Composed of phosphorylated tau cytoskeletal proteins; large numbers of these displace normal neurons in the hippocampus -"CAG" nucleotide base pair repeats- Results in deficits in acetylcholine and GABA secretion by the striatum of the basal ganglia

Sensory receptor matching Match the sensory receptor neuron in the left column with their correct attribute in the right column -Olfactory receptor neuron----high frequency vibrations on the skin opens their ion channels -Nociceptor---- have free nerve endings with the receptive fields in the skin that respond to noxious stimuli -Hair cells----- each stimulus is encoded by a population of diverse receptor gene neurons that fire in different patterns -Pacinian corpuscle--- are depolarized by potassium entry when their stereocilia bend towards the kinocilium -Photoreceptors--- have a more depolarized resting membrane potential (around -35mV) due to a dark current when cells are in their unactuated state

-Olfactory receptor neuron----each stimulus is encoded by a population of diverse receptor gene neurons that fire in different patterns -Nociceptor---- have free nerve endings with the receptive fields in the skin that respond to noxious stimuli -Hair cells----- are depolarized by potassium entry when their stereocilia bend towards the kinocilium -Pacinian corpuscle- --high frequency vibrations on the skin opens their ion channels -Photoreceptors--- have a more depolarized resting membrane potential (around -35mV) due to a dark current when cells are in their unactuated state

Pain matching Match the characteristics about chronic pain in the left column with the best supporting evidence or explanation on the right column, then press submit. -Similarity to neurodegenerative disease ----- Brain atrophy of prefrontal cortex can result in cognitive impairments that affect memory and decision making -Similarity to LTP------outlasts the pain stimulus -Difference from LTP---- sodium channels clustering at nerve endings in the skin -Differences from acute pain--- Hyperexcitability of nociceptors or dorsal horn neurons strengthened in the synapse -Possible cause---Can be induced in some dorsal horn neurons by low frequency stimulation of injured nociceptors

-Similarity to neurodegenerative disease ----- Brain atrophy of prefrontal cortex can result in cognitive impairments that affect memory and decision making -Similarity to LTP------Hyperexcitability of nociceptors or dorsal horn neurons strengthened in the synapse -Difference from LTP---- Can be induced in some dorsal horn neurons by low frequency stimulation of injured nociceptors -Differences from acute pain--- outlasts the pain stimulus -Possible cause--- sodium channels clustering at nerve endings in the skin

Click on target 1d Click on the image to indicate where DNA transcription occurs.

-The orange nucleus

Matching 2 For each of the neuronal membrane properties described in the left column, choose the equation in the right column that provides the most precise description of that property. -The relationship between the sodium equilibrium potential and the extracellular and intracellular concentrations of sodium- E[math]_{Na}[/math] = 61.5 mV x log ([Na[math]^+[/math]]out/[Na[math]^+[/math]]in) -The result of ion concentration gradients set up by the Na[math]^+[/math]/K[math]^+[/math]pumps in neuronal membranes- E[math]_{Na}[/math] > 0 > E[math]_K[/math] -The selective permeability of a neuronal membrane at rest- gK > gNa -Ohm's law for ionic current through membrane sodium channels- I[math]_{Na}[/math] = Vm x g[math]_{Na}[/math] -The resting membrane potential in Na[math]^+[/math]-free saline that is impermeable to Cl[math]^-[/math]- Vm = E[math]_K[/math]

-The relationship between the sodium equilibrium potential and the extracellular and intracellular concentrations of sodium- E[math]_{Na}[/math] = 61.5 mV x log ([Na[math]^+[/math]]out/[Na[math]^+[/math]]in) -The result of ion concentration gradients set up by the Na[math]^+[/math]/K[math]^+[/math]pumps in neuronal membranes- E[math]_{Na}[/math] > 0 > E[math]_K[/math] -The selective permeability of a neuronal membrane at rest- gK > gNa -Ohm's law for ionic current through membrane sodium channels- I[math]_{Na}[/math] = Vm x g[math]_{Na}[/math] -The resting membrane potential in Na[math]^+[/math]-free saline that is impermeable to Cl[math]^-[/math]- Vm = E[math]_K[/math]

Auditory sorting Put the following steps in the correct order. Not all of the steps in the sound transduction pathway are given. 1. Fluid waves within the cochlea depolarize hair cells on the basilar membrane 2. Auditory nerves from both ears converge in the superior olive 3. All sounds reaching the superior temporal love active the primary auditory cortex 4. Ossicles amplify the sound wave energy against the oval window 5. Sound waves in the auditory canal strike the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate

5. Sound waves in the auditory canal strike the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate 4. Ossicles amplify the sound wave energy against the oval window 1. Fluid waves within the cochlea depolarize hair cells on the basilar membrane 2. Auditory nerves from both ears converge in the superior olive 3. All sounds reaching the superior temporal love active the primary auditory cortex

Multiple choice 9 All of the following can INCREASE as a result of calcium influx into the pre- or postsynaptic neuron at a glutamate synapse EXCEPT: A Action potential conduction speed B Number of neurotransmitter vesicles released into the synapse C The number of AMPA receptors D Time for which the axonal terminal is depolarized E AMPA receptor conductance

A Action potential conduction speed

RMP 3 You are studying a type of neuron in which the resting membrane potential (RMP) changes with the time of day as described here: RMP = -85 mV in the morning RMP = -75 mV in the afternoon RMP = -68 mV in the evening RMP = -60 mV in the middle of the night During each experiment, you apply the same amount of glutamate and measure its effect on the membrane potential. The results of this experiment are shown in the image. The effect of glutamate application in the AFTERNOON is: A Excitatory B Inhibitory C Indistinguishable from the effect it has at other times of the day D Consistent with your expectation of glutamate acting through AMPA receptors

A Excitatory D Consistent with your expectation of glutamate acting through AMPA receptors

Multiple choice 14 Which changes occur at the neuromuscular junction of a patient suffering from Myasthenia Gravis? A Fewer and blocked acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic muscle B Smaller vesicles of acetylcholine released by the presynaptic motor neuron C Increased activity of acetylcholinesterase D Fewer vesicles of acetylcholine released by the presynaptic motor neuron E Atrophy of the motor end plate structure

A Fewer and blocked acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic muscle E Atrophy of the motor end plate structure

Multiple choice 2 Sodium channels in the axon: A Have voltage gates B Have inactivation gates C Have delay mechanisms D Are solely leak conductances E Are blocked at rest by a magnesium ion

A Have voltage gates B Have inactivation gates

Multiple choice 7 Which of the following is TRUE of the ELECTRICALLY excitable domain? A It is sensitive to changes in ion concentrations B It is sensitive to changes in neurotransmitters C It is insensitive to golgi staining D It is made up of the soma and dendrites E Chloride ions are important for function

A It is sensitive to changes in ion concentrations

Multiple choice 27 ___________ of the gill withdrawal reflex is seen in sea slugs when a touch to the siphon is paired with a shock to the tail. A Sensitization B Classical conditioning C Declarative memory D Habituation E Operant conditioning

A Sensitization B Classical conditioning

Treatment 5 Atypical neuroleptics, such as Clozapine, differ from original antipsychotics in that they bind to ___________receptors. A serotonin B dopamine C norepinephrine D GABA E AMPA

A Serotonin

Multiple choice 29 MRI in MS patients can detect: A Silent lesions in brain areas in the absence of symptoms B Decreased activity of the optic nerves following presentation of visual stimuli C Deterioration in specific physical and cognitive tasks D Evidence of chronic inflammation in the cerebral spinal fluid E Brain shrinkage

A Silent lesions in brain areas in the absence of symptoms E Brain shrinkage

Hormones 4 If a male rat fetus were developing in utero in the presence of an aromatase inhibitor, you would expect its sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) would be ___________ in size as compared to wildtype males. A smaller B larger C no different

A Smaller

Hormones 6 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) boys ___________ as compared to unaffected boys. A are born without obvious physical defects so appear indistinguishable B exhibit greater rough and tumble play C are more likely to include moving objects in their free hand drawings D have defects in their acute stress response E show increased preference for same sex partners as adults

A are born without obvious physical defects so appear indistinguishable

Diseases 2 The neurodegenerative diseases of Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, Huntington's and Parkinson's share this in common: A enlargement of the lateral ventricles and sulci B early childhood exposure to environmental toxins C dysregulation in dopamine signaling D incidence increases as we age E result in subcortical dementia

A enlargement of the lateral ventricles and sulci

Brain area 1 The indicated brain area plays an important role in: A modifying movement B regulating mood C executive function D long-term memory storage E sexual partner preference

A modifying movement

True or false 3: Females secrete alpha androstanol which makes them appear more attractive to males A. True B. False

A. True

True or false 4 Beth's stroke was the result of ischemia (loss of oxygen) in her left temporoparietal lobe A. True B. False

A. True

Multiple choice 13 Benzodiazepines and barbituates are CNS sedatives (depressants) and: A Decrease potency of the GABA receptor B Have separate and distinct binding sites on the GABA receptor to modulate receptor function C Bind at the same site as GABA on its receptor D Are antagonists for the GABA receptor

B Have separate and distinct binding sites on the GABA receptor to modulate receptor function

Multiple choice 16 Temporal summation in dendrites is the adding of: A Action potentials of different sizes B IPSP/EPSPs arriving from same synapse in rapid succession C Action potentials arriving at the same time D IPSP/EPSPs arriving from different synapses at the same time E Electrical and chemical gradients

B IPSP/EPSPs arriving from same synapse in rapid succession

Multiple choice 18 Neurophysiological tests showed that London taxi drivers, as compared to bus drivers, were significantly BETTER at: A Estimating travel time between landmarks B Judging proximal relations between London landmarks C Identifying London landmarks D Recalling newly-learned visual information after a delay E Calculating cab fare

B Judging proximal relations between London landmarks C Identifying London landmarks

Multiple choice 31 What physical and cognitive symptoms were NOT exhibited by Anne in the case study? A Extreme fatigue B Memory loss C Mild visuospatial impairments D Pain when walking E Dizziness and vertigo F Slower reaction time during information processing tasks

B Memory loss C Mild visuospatial impairments D Pain when walking

Multiple choice 6 Cells poisoned so that their ATP manufacturing system CANNOT work are unable to maintain a proper sodium-potassium balance. Which of the following organelles must be defective? A Smooth endoplasmic reticulum B Mitochondria C Golgi apparatus D Cytoskeleton E Ribosomes

B Mitochondria

Treatment 1 An intracellular experiment is conducted in which a neuron is directly stimulated to threshold just 50 msec after applying pronase, which prevents the inactivation of voltage-gated Na AFTER they open. Traces A-D show four possible outcomes with membrane potential plotted (Y-axis) against time (X-axis). Click on the trace that best represents the outcome of this experiment. A Normal B Never goes down after peak C Long time until back to normal D Same as A except no extra down

B Never goes down after peak

Ocular dominance 4 When describing the ocular dominance column distribution that you would expect to find in a 24 month-old cat that had been subjected to monocular deprivation as a kitten (from birth until 3 months of age), you would expect to find A Only cells driven by (responsive to) the eye that had been sutured shut B Only cells driven by (responsive to) the eye that remained open C Cells that are responsive to both eyes i.e. binocular cells D No ocular dominance columns whatsoever i.e. a complete lack of response in the primary visual cortex E No change in the ocular dominance column distribution as compared to an untreated control

B Only cells driven by (responsive to) the eye that remained open

RMP 2 You are studying a type of neuron in which the resting membrane potential (RMP) changes with the time of day as described here: RMP = -85 mV in the morning RMP = -75 mV in the afternoon RMP = -68 mV in the evening RMP = -60 mV in the middle of the night During each experiment, you apply the same amount of glutamate and measure its effect on the membrane potential. The results of this experiment are shown in the image. The response you record in the MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT could be explained by which of the following? A Positive or negative ions moving into and out of the cell resulting in no net difference in charge B Positive ions moving out of the cell C Negative ions moving into the cell D Negative ions moving out of the cell E Positive ions moving into the cell

B Positive ions moving out of the cell C Negative ions moving into the cell

Multiple choice 15 The most common form of Multiple Sclerosis is episodic (relapse/remitting) in nature. That is because: A White matter lesions rarely lead to permanent damage or degeneration B Remyelination can occur C New sodium channels can appear along demyelinated axons D It only affects people living in certain geographical locations E It only affects people at certain times of the year

B Remyelination can occur C New sodium channels can appear along demyelinated axons

Diseases 6 The cognitive deficits that can accompany Parkinson's disease is considered ___________ dementia. A Cortical B subcortical C retrograde D anterograde E Congenital

B Subcortical

Multiple choice 19 Which of the following are NOT considered functions of the plasma membrane? A Barrier to maintain intracellular environment B Support for cellular structure and organelle movement C Receiver for autocrine and paracrine signaling from other cells D Gate keeper for selective permeability E Post-translational processing and sorting of membrane proteins

B Support for cellular structure and organelle movement E Post-translational processing and sorting of membrane proteins

Multiple choice 11 All of the following are typical or possible treatments for Myasthenia Gravis EXCEPT: A Glucocorticoids (also known as corticosteroids) B Tetrodotoxin C Anticholinesterase D Sarin nerve gas E Plasmapheresis

B Tetrodotoxin

Multiple choice 28 Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis often includes all of the following EXCEPT: No answer submitted A Physical therapy B Tetrodotoxin C Calcium channel blockers D Immuno-suppressant drugs E Anti-depressant drugs

B Tetrodotoxin

Multiple choice 4 Depolarization of an action potential is INTERRUPTED by: A The inactivation gate closing on potassium channels B The inactivation gate closing on sodium channels C The activation gate opening on sodium channels D The voltage-dependent opening of calcium channels E The activation gate opening on chloride channels F The voltage-dependent opening of potassium channels

B The inactivation gate closing on sodium channels F The voltage-dependent opening of potassium channels

Diseases 1 The highest prevalence of major depressive episodes is seen in: A adult women B adolescent girls C adult men D adolescent boys E pre-adolescent children

B adolescent girls

Brain area 4 Fewer GABAergic neurons are found in the post mortem brains of depressed patients specifically in the ___________ (brain area indicated) A corpus callosum B anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) C hypothalamus D amygdala E nucleus accumbens

B anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

Hormones 1 All of the following are true statements about steroid hormones EXCEPT: A steroid hormones can bind to intracellular receptors B effects are seen when steroid hormones are present only C steroid hormones can directly increase neurotransmitter synthesis and release D steroid hormones can act as transcription factors E steroid hormones can mediate changes in gene expression

B effects are seen when steroid hormones are present only

HM 5 Prior to his surgery in 1953, H.M. suffered from ___________ seizures. A complex partial B generalized absence C simple partial D generalized convulsive E Alcohol induced

B generalized absence D generalized convulsive

Drugs/reward 6 THC (marijuana) potentially treats Alzheimer's in all of the following ways EXCEPT: A reduces phosphorylation of tau proteins B inhibits cholinergic signaling C prevents amyloid plaque formation D has an anti-inflammatory effect E decreases intracellular calcium concentration

B inhibits cholinergic signaling

Diseases 3 All of the following are true statements about beta amyloid peptide EXCEPT: A insoluble beta amyloid oligomers damage synapses B neurofibrillary tangles are especially prevalent in the hippocampus C mutant beta amyloid peptide destabilizes neuronal calcium regulation D transgenic mice with mutation in APP exhibit decreased fear learning E beta amyloid plaques are always seen in presumptive Alzheimer's patients

B neurofibrillary tangles are especially prevalent in the hippocampus E beta amyloid plaques are always seen in presumptive Alzheimer's patients

Pain 3: Each of the following statements is true about morphine EXCEPT: A. It is the major biologically active opioid found in poppies B. Most commonly used to treat heroin addiction C. Can cross the blood brain barrier D. Is a potent and fast acting analgesic

B. Most commonly used to treat heroin addiction

Sensory systems 4 All of the following help to increase sensory discriminations EXCEPT: A. lateral inhibition B. action potential frequency C. non-convergence of sensory neurons on the next order relay neuron D. primary sensory neurons with smaller receptive fields

B. action potential frequency

Auditory 3 The McGurk effect A. can be treated with a cochlear implant B. demonstrates the dominance of some senses over others C. it is an illusion that activates the dorsal stream visual pathway D. is a type of "forgetting to remember" E. plays a role in synesthesia

B. demonstrates the dominance of some senses over others

Auditory 4 All of the following are true statements about Luke's condition EXCEPT: A. the stroke affected the posterior region of his left frontal lobe B. he suffered from Wernicke's aphasias C. he showed weakness of his right hand and arm that improved over time D. his treatment include speech, singing, and physical therapy E. his stroke caused excessive bleeding from a brain hemorrhages

B. he suffered from Wernicke's aphasias

Drugs/reward 1 Medium spiny neurons, as illustrated here, are found in the ___________of the reward pathway. A. prefrontal lobe B. nucleus accumbens C. striatum D. hippocampus E. medial forebrain bundle

B. nucleus accumbens

Sensory systems 2 The ______ lobe has separate superior, inferior and medical areas responsible for processing audition, vision, and olfaction. A. frontal B. temporal C. parietal D. occipital

B. temporal

Spinal cord 2 Neuron A (dorsal root neuron) is located in: (select ALL that are correct) A. the central nervous system B. the peripheral nervous system C. dorsal horn D. dorsal root ganglion E. hindbrain

B. the peripheral nervous system D. dorsal root ganglion

RMP 1 You are studying a type of neuron in which the resting membrane potential (RMP) changes with the time of day as described here: RMP = -85 mV in the morning RMP = -75 mV in the afternoon RMP = -68 mV in the evening RMP = -60 mV in the middle of the night During each experiment, you apply the same amount of glutamate and measure its effect on the membrane potential. The results of this experiment are shown in the image. What is the RMP when this neuron is at its electrochemical equilibrium? A -85 mV B -75 mV C -68 mV D -60 mV E more positive than -60 mV

C -68 mV

Multiple choice 21 The sodium/potassium ATPase pump moves: A 3 potassium (K) out and 2 sodium (Na) in B 2Na out and 3K in C 3 Na out and 2K in D 2K out and 3Na in E 3 Na out and 3K in

C 3 Na out and 2K in

Multiple choice 26 All of the statements below are true of the flame shaped dark objects seen in this brain section EXCEPT: A Are seen in much larger numbers in patients who have suffered repeated head injuries B Contain large amounts of microtubule-associated tau proteins C Are composed of mutated beta amyloid precursor proteins that stick together as clumps D Naturally increase in normal adults as we age E Are associated with Familial early onset Alzheimer's which causes a single amino acid substitution in the protein's primary structure

C Are composed of mutated beta amyloid precursor proteins that stick together as clumps

NMJ 3 The post-synaptic receptors in a neuromuscular synapse: A Are passive "leak" channels B Are voltage-gated ion channels C Are ligand-gated ion channels D Are demyelinated in Multiple Sclerosis patients E Can be depressed with low-frequency stimulation

C Are ligand-gated ion channels

Hormones 2 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is due to a genetic mutation in the ___________ hormone synthesis pathway. HINT: this question is NOT asking which hormone levels are abnormally high. A testosterone B Estrogen C cortisol D thyroid E Growth

C Cortisol

Hormones 5 Anti-androgen and estrogen hormone treatment given to adult male-to-female transsexuals ___________ the size of their hypothalamus. A had no effect on B Increased C Decreased

C Decreased

Drugs/reward 5 Which of the following drugs, via their effects on GABA receptors, result in disinhibition of the reward pathway? A Ethanol B Barbituates C Heroin D Benzodiazepines E Ketamine

C Heroin

Multiple choice 25 Familial Alzheimer's causes: A Sustained depolarization which can result in seizure like symptoms B Lesions in the brain and optic nerves C Increase in beta amyloid plaques D Breakage of the blood brain barrier E Loss of saltatory conduction

C Increase in beta amyloid plaques

Treatment 3 An intracellular experiment is conducted in which a neuron is directly stimulated to threshold just 50 msec after applying kalinotoxin, a highly selective blocker of SOME but not all voltage-gated K++ channels Traces A-D show four possible outcomes with membrane potential plotted (Y-axis) against time (X-axis). Click on the trace that best represents the outcome of this experiment. A Normal B Never goes down after peak C Long time until back to normal D Same as A except no extra down

C Long time until back to normal

HM 4 We now know that the brain structures removed in H.M. are crucial for the formation of all but which one of these memories: A spatial B Declarative C procedural D semantic E Episodic

C Procedural

Multiple choice 30 Calcium channel blockers have been shown to successfully treat multiple sclerosis symptoms in clinical trials. By which mechanism are calcium channel blockers exerting its positive effect? A Enhances remyelination along bare axons B Hyperpolarizes neurons so they are more likely to fire an action potential C Reduces the excitotoxic effects of glutamate secreted excessively by immune factors onto target glial cells D Reduces ionic leakage and improves conduction along bare axons E Increases the number of sodium channels along bare axons

C Reduces the excitotoxic effects of glutamate secreted excessively by immune factors onto target glial cells

Multiple choice 12 As compared to untreated rats, a rat with bilateral lesions of the hippocampi would be impaired in: A Its ability to reinforce desirable behaviors using operant conditioning techniques B Finding a submerged platform the first time he's put into a pool of water C Remembering the location of a submerged platform in a pool of water after multiple test trials D Swimming to a visible platform in a pool of water E Its ability to travel down the arm in a radial arm maze to locate a food reward

C Remembering the location of a submerged platform in a pool of water after multiple test trials

Causes 4 Genetic factors can increase the risk of susceptibility for acquiring many neurological disorders. The disorder that is LEAST likely to have a strong genetic contribution is: A Huntington's disease B schizophrenia C seizures D Alzheimer's disease E Depression

C Seizures

Visual field This is a schematic diagram looking down onto the visual system as the eyes look at a screen in front of them. The eyes stay focused on the dot in the center of the screen as you flash an image of a bicycle in the left visual field and an image of a telephone in the right visual field. In the retina, the bicycle will appear: A Exactly the same as the projected image B Correct side up(seat and handlebar above the wheels) but facing the opposite direction C Upside down and facing the opposite direction D Upsides down but facing the same direction

C Upside down and facing the opposite direction

Brain area 2 Schizophrenics show decreased activation (blood flow) in the indicated brain area during: A fear conditioning task B drug withdrawal C card sorting task D object recognition memory task E Rey's complex figure task

C card sorting task

Visual processing 2 Micheals recovery from cortical blindness, during the 2 years following his motorcycle accident, could be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT: A Remyelination B Formation of new neural connections C fMRI scans D Rehabilitation therapy E His young age

C fMRI scans

Neuroanatomy 2: Bilateral lesion's of the ________ found in structure B lead to defects in complex learning involving olfactory cues A. Lateral geniculate nucleus B. Medial geniculate nucleus C. Medial dorsal nucleus

C. Medial dorsal nucleus

Vertebrate nervous system 2 Select all the true statements about the "flight or fight" response. A. Acetylcholine increases digestive activity B. Enlargement of the hypothalamus has occurred in mammals and higher vertebrates C. Norepinephrine increases breathing and heart rate D. Hypothalamus controls the release of neurotransmitters from the adrenal medulla E. Part of the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary body movements vis skeletal muscles

C. Norepinephrine increases breathing and heart rate D. Hypothalamus controls the release of neurotransmitters from the adrenal medulla

Sensory systems 5 The manner by which the somatosensory system processes both touch and pain is an example of this vertebrate nervous system principle: A. decussation B. topographical organization C. distinct parallel pathways for different components D. relay centers

C. distinct parallel pathways for different components

Vertebrate nervous system 3 Phillipa exhibited all of these classic impairments and behaviors of a patients with frontal lobotomy EXCEPT: (Hint- the exception is also not typical of other similar patients) A. Preservation B. Right-side neglect C. lower intelligence (IQ) test score D. Confabulation E. Inability to think abstractly

C. lower intelligence (IQ) test score

Auditory 1 When we are suffering from an ear infection, fluid often fills our middle ear. This dampens out sense of hearing because normally, the _____ vibrate(s) in air. A. Pinna B. hair cells C. ossicles D. auditory nerve E. kinocilium

C. ossicles

Case 2 The Terri Schiavo case was a seven-year long legal effort by Terri's husband to have his wife disconnected from life support after she had been diagnosed as being in a "persistent vegetative state" for several years. He was eventually successful and Terri died in 2005. According to medical reports, she displayed spontaneous (involuntary) motor activity, sleep/wake cycles, and expressions of emotion such as smiling and grimacing. Which of the following is most necessary for initiating voluntary movements? A. prefrontal cortex B. indirect basal ganglia pathway C. primary motor cortex D. Cerebellum E. brainstem

C. primary motor cortex

Pain 2: The emotional pathway for pain perception includes all of the following brain areas EXCEPT: A. Prefrontal cortex B. Anterior cingulated cortex C. Rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) D. Amygdala E. Hypothalamus

C. rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM)

Olfaction 1: Sectoring of the olfactory epithelium and bulb means that each sector contains the same: A. threshold for eliciting an action potential B. number of action potentials in response to one odor C. set of olfactory receptor genes D. set of odorant binding proteins E. amount of stem cells

C. set of olfactory receptor genes

Multiple choice 20 Increased left-right brain connectivity is underlied by ___________of the corpus callosum. A A large number of small diameter nerve fibers B A few large diameter nerve fibers C Increased expression of sodium channels D Heavy myelination E Shorter length nerve fibers

D Heavy myelination

Treatment 2 ___________ has a rapid and long-lasting anti-depressant effect which may be more effective than SSRIs. A LSD B Cocaine C Barbituates D Ketamine E Ecstacy

D Ketamine

HM 3 H.M's memory disorder is similar to that of patients with: A Parkinson's disease B Huntington's disease C Schizophrenia D Korsakoff's syndrome E Depression

D Korsakoff's syndrome

Drugs/reward 4 High or repeated doses of the drug MDMA "ecstasy" has been shown to rapidly deplete the synapse of serotonin (5-HT). All of the following are possible mechanisms of action of this drug EXCEPT: A MDMA increases the action of monoamine oxidases B MDMA interferes with 5-HT synthesis C MDMA blocks 5-HT release D MDMA prevents 5-HT reuptake E MDMA activates 5-HT autoreceptors

D MDMA prevents 5-HT reuptake

Multiple choice 17 London taxi drivers and Anne, the Multiple Sclerosis patient, were tested with the ___________ to measure their visuospatial perception and memory. A Radial Arm Maze B Hebb's Postulate C Morris Water Maze D Rey Complex Figure E Mental Rotation Task

D Rey Complex Figure

Treatment 2 An intracellular experiment is conducted in which a neuron is directly stimulated to threshold just 50 msec after applying a scorpion venom that prevents voltage-gated K++ channels from closing AFTER they are opened. Traces A-D show four possible outcomes with membrane potential plotted (Y-axis) against time (X-axis). Click on the trace that best represents the outcome of this experiment. A Normal B Never goes down after peak C Long time until back to normal D Same as A except no extra down

D Same as A except no extra down

Causes 6 Advancing paternal (but not maternal) age increases the risk of developing: A Parkinson's disease B epilepsy C Alzheimer's disease D schizophrenia E Depression

D Schizophrenia

Multiple choice 8 What was the effect of reducing the external SODIUM concentration by half on an action potential? A The action potential would remain the same (due to the actions of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump) B The action potential would reach it's peak depolarization faster C The repolarization of the action potential would occur faster D The action potential would be reduced in height E The depolarization phase would be slower to rise

D The action potential would be reduced in height E The depolarization phase would be slower to rise

Multiple choice 10 A genetic disorder called Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis causes an overactive thyroid gland to increase the number and the activity of Na-K ATPase pumps. This results in a more negative (hyperpolarized) equilibrium potential (Ek) for potassium. What other changes do you expect to happen? A There would be no change in the resting membrane potential B The number of leaky potassium channels passively open at rest would increase C The amount of anion proteins found inside the cell would increase D The resting membrane potential would get more negative E Increased concentration gradient across the membrane would result in faster diffusion of ions

D The resting membrane potential would get more negative E Increased concentration gradient across the membrane would result in faster diffusion of ions

Hormones 7 Extirpation and replacement technique is used to determine: (HINT: choose the statement that would be true for all hormones as one can extirpate non-gonadal endocrine glands such as the thyroid or adrenals) A if a behavior is sexually dimorphic B the relative hormone levels in females versus males C if a behavior is the result of short-term crisis management or long-term developmental change D if a behavior is hormone dependent E if a behavior exerts negative versus positive feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis

D if a behavior is hormone dependent/

Treatment 4 All of the following are true effects seen in lab animals reared in an enriched environment EXCEPT: A more cortical synapses B enhanced recovery from brain damage C increased dendritic branching of pyramidal neurons D increased left-right hemisphere connectivity E enhanced acetylcholine signaling

D increased left-right hemisphere connectivity

HM 1 After bilateral removal of patient H.M's medial temporal lobes, he suffered from: A impaired motor learning B defective perceptual learning C faulty short term memory D partial retrograde amnesia E non-functional working memory

D partial retrograde amnesia

Hormones 3 All of the following are true sex differences discussed in lecture EXCEPT: (each statement below is as compared to females) A serotonin synthesis is significantly higher in males B the sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) in the preoptic area is larger in males C chronically stressed males show greater hippocampal cell death when challenged with a neurotoxin D time from first exposure to onset of chronic cocaine use is shorter in males E depression is less common among males

D time from first exposure to onset of chronic cocaine use is shorter in males

Sensory disorder matching Math. Each disorder in the left column with their appropriate description in the right column. One response on the right will NOT be used. -Disinhibition- A person cannot recognizant a familiar face visually but can do so when hearing their voice -Conduction deafness- Cab be caused by a tumorous bone growth near the middle ear. -Anosmia- Can be caused by a blow to the head which dislodges nerves from the cribriform plate -Allodynia- Could be caused by frontal lobe damage and was exhibited by Philippa when she would shout odd comments to total strangers -Prosopagnosia- .A brisk wind can be extremely painful patients with this condition

Disinhibition- Could be caused by frontal lobe damage and was exhibited by Philippa when she would shout odd comments to total strangers. Conduction deafness- Cab be caused by a tumorous bone growth near the middle ear. Anosmia- Can be caused by a blow to the head which dislodges nerves from the cribriform plate Allodynia- A brisk wind can be extremely painful patients with this condition Prosopagnosia- A person cannot recognizant a familiar face visually but can do so when hearing their voice

Multiple choice 5 Cells poisoned so that their ATP manufacturing system CANNOT work are unable to maintain a proper sodium-potassium balance. Which of the following methods must be involved in maintaining sodium-potassium balance? A Endocytosis B Facilitated diffusion C Exocytosis D Diffusion E Active transport

E Active transport

Causes 3 Drugs, like phencyclidine (PCPs) and ketamines, sometimes produce schizophrenia symptoms. Thus, schizophrenia may also result when ___________ receptors are under activated. A acetylcholine B GABA C serotonin D Norepinephrine E Glutamate

E Glutamate

Visual processing 1 Some expression-selective neurons in the monkey's ______ preferentially fire action potentials in response to threatening faces A Fusiform face area B Superior temporal lobe C Posterior parietal love D Amygdala E Hippocampus

E Hippocampus

Drugs/reward 7 Reserpine is a drug that irreversibly blocks a transport protein necessary to package catacholamines into pre-synaptic vesicles. In the presence of reserpine, these unpackaged neurotransmitters: A induce drug sensitization B slow down the rate of neurotransmitter synthesis C act as negative feedback on those neurons D cause the dopamine transporter to act in reverse E are broken down by monoamine oxidases

E are broken down by monoamine oxidases

HM 2 H.M.'s post-operative condition led us to understand that the medial temporal lobe: A has strong anatomical connections with the prefrontal cortex B is the site for storage of long-term memories C requires adult neurogenesis D is affected by changes in synaptic plasticity E is needed for memory consolidation

E is needed for memory consolidation

Treatment 1 Deep brain stimulation or lesioning the indicated brain area are typical surgical treatments after patients exhibit: A epileptic seizures B sudden limb movements C cortical dementia D memory loss E on/off syndrome

E on/off syndrome

Diseases 5 All of the following neurotransmitters are hypothesized to be low in depressed patients EXCEPT: A serotonin B norepinephrine C dopamine D GABA E substance P

E substance P

Causes 5 Bradykinesia is most likely to result when: A the indirect pathway in basal ganglia is excited B a lesion is made in a portion of the thalamus C deep brain stimulation of the thalamus is activated with a pulse generator D carbidopa is added with the dopamine precursor pharmacological treatment E the direct pathway in basal ganglia is inhibited

E the direct pathway in basal ganglia is inhibited

Visual processing 3: All of the following are true of cone receptors, as compared to rods EXCEPT: A. they have smaller receptive fields B. they contain smaller amounts of photopigments C. they are located in the fovea of the retina D. they contain one of three different photopigments E. they have increased sensitivity in low light conditions

E. they have increased sensitivity in low light conditions

Fill in the blank 2 Abdominal side effects, like cramps in Jill, the gymnastics instructor with Myasthenia Gravis, is due to overactivity of her (one word) acetylcholine receptors. (one word) is used to treat such side effects.

Metabotropic Atropine

Definition matching Match the following terms in the left column with their appropriate example in the right column. One response on the right will NOT be used -Synesthesia- Self stimulation was most reliable and occurred at lower electrical intensities here -Gate theory-The ability to taste the pineapple every time you hear a police siren -Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)- Can be administers intranasally to treat opioid overdose -Naloxone- rubbing your hand after you've accidentally slammed that car door on it -Achromatopsia- Loss of color perception.

Synesthesia- The ability to taste the pineapple every time you hear a police siren Gate theory- rubbing your hand after you've accidentally slammed that car door on it Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)- Self stimulation was most reliable and occurred at lower electrical intensities here Naloxone- Can be administers intranasally to treat opioid overdose Achromatopsia- Loss of color perception