Blood
the average adult has how many liters of blood?
4-6 liters
normally blood is composed of ____% blood cells, and ____% plasma.
45% and 55%
Transport
Blood transport oxygen and nutrients to the cells. It transports carbon dioxide and waste products to the lungs and kidneys.
explain the function of platelets
Produced in the bone marrow and are responsible for hemostasis.
Polycythemia Vera is the overproduction of what?
RBC
What are the four main components of blood?
RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma
Explain the roles of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood's transportation function.
Red blood cells (RBC): part of the transportation function of blood and contain hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a special protein that helps carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs.
Describe red blood cells
They are the most abundant cells in the body. They're produced in the bone marrow and contain hemoglobin.
Describe the life cycle of RBCs
They have a 120-day life cycle. They mature for seven days, then are released into the bloodstream. They cannot repair themselves.
Why is it important that RBCs do not have a nucleus?
They have no nucleus so they can easily fit through different-sized blood vessels.
what are the three functions of blood?
Transportation: transport oxygens, nutrients, and hormones to cells of the body; Protection: fights infection with specialized blood cells; Regulation: regulates homeostasis by helping to form blood clots
explain the function of white blood cells
WBCs are produced in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. They help fight infection.
what is hypoxemia?
a deficiency of oxygen in the blood
explain how WBCs fight infection
help fight infection by destroying any pathogens that may have entered the area and remove cellular debris
what are three things plasm proteins do?
help regulate fluid biome, protect body from pathogens, and prevent excessive blood-loss from injury
Protection
helps prevent infection and blood loss
The process of blood formation is ________. The two types of hematopoietic tissue are red bone marrow and _______ tissue.
hematopoiesis, lymphatic
WBCs help protect the body from what?
infection
what does cyanosis cause the skin to look like?
it causes the skin to look blue
What does hemoglobin consist of?
it consists of "globin" which is a protein
what is the function of neutrophils?
it is the most common type of WBC. it kills bacteria through a process called phagocytosis.
WBCs are called?
leukocytes
describe what occurs as a person loses blood from a minor loss to 20%-30% loss to 50% loss
minor blood loss: little effect 20% - 30% blood loss: blood pressure, heart rate, disorientation, shock, breathing trouble 50% blood loss: heart stops, organs shut down, possible death
How are sickle cell anemia RBCs shaped?
"C" or sickle shaped
basophils
they fight against hypersentivity reactions in the bloodstream. They contain histamine that cause vessels to dilate, allowing more immune cells to reach an injury.
describe the function of platelets
they help form clots to stop bleeding, a process called hemostasis
what is the function of eosinophils?
they release toxins that kill pathogens and play a role in allergic reactions.
what is another name for platelets?
thrombocytes
Three general functions of blood
transport, regulate, and protect
when might a blood transfusion fail?
when the donor and the recipient's blood are not complete
Leuko means?
white
plasm is pale ___________ and is mostly composed on _______.
yellow fluid, water
Bone marrow depression is called?
myelosuppression
what are five types of WBCs?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes
RBCs transport what to body tissues?
oxygen
the biggest function of RBCs is the transport of what?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
describe the two phases of hemostasis
phase 1: blood vessels will spasm and then it will vasoconstrict (get smaller) and then a platelet plugs forms to stop bleeding Phase 2: platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets, it will strengthen the platelet plug which will prevent bleeding
the two components of blood are ______ and __________.
plasma and formed elements
_______ are called thrombocytes. They are part of our clotting mechanisms, and hep protect the body from ______.
platelets, bleeding.
Serum- Plasma minus clotting _____________.
proteins
Blood can be bright _____, or darker blue _____
red
erythro means?
red
Most of the blood cells are ?
red blood cells
What are immature RBCs called?
reticulocytes
hematocrit is the percent of blood cells in a ______________?
sample of blood
what are the functions of monocytes?
the largest WBCs. they enter damaged tissue, convert to macrophages, which destroy old, dead, and damaged cells
what is hemostasis?
the process that stops bleeding at the site of an injury while allowing normal blood flow elsewhere
what are the functions of lymphocytes?
there are TWO types bu they basically remember, identify, and help destroy pathogens and cancer cells.
RBCs are called?
erythrocytes
What is another name for red blood cells?
erythrocytes
What are two types of antigens on RBCs that determine blood type?
A and B
what is a blood transfusion and when is it necessary?
A medical procedure in which donated blood is transferred into a recipient. Transfusions are done due to injury, surgery, or bleeding disorders that cause blood loss.
why is AB+ called the "universal recipient" ?
Because AB+ has both types of antigens and the Rh protein, a person with this blood type can accept any A blood type.
why is O- called the "universal doctor"
Because O- does not have any antigens or Rh protein, this blood type can be given to a person of any other blood types.
explain Rh disease (Rh incompatibility)
An Rh negative mother and Rh positive father, the baby is Rh positive. If some of the babies blood were to cross with the mother, her body would make antibodies against the baby. Though on the first pregnancy, it is not affected.
Regulation:
Fluid and electrolyte balance, acid base balance and helps regulate body temperature.
list the four characteristics of blood
Hemoglobin contains iron and becomes red when mixed with oxygen, stickier and thicker than water, averaging 100.4 degrees fahrenheit, slight alkaline pH range between 7.35 and 7.45.
why is it important to understand blood types?
It is crucial when evaluating and treating health conditions. Receiving the right blood type during a transfusion is crucial. Not receiving the correct blood type can kill you.
explain the functions of plasma
It is the liquid portion of the blood that transports blood cells, nutrients, antibodies, proteinsm and hormones throughout the body and carries waste away from cells.
what are antigens?
Markers, or special traits, on RBC that characterize the cell type.
________ are in red marrow. Along with specific growth factors help differentiate our blood cells into RBCs, ______, and ______.
Stem cells, WBCs, and platelets
what is needed for a successful blood transfusion?
The done and recipient blood must be typed are matched so that their blood types are compatible. Additionally, an antibody screen test must be done. An antibody screen tests for antibodies other than A, B, and Rh.
what is hemostasis?
The process that forms clots to stop bleeding at the site of an injury while still allowing normal blood flow elsewhere to maintain homeostasis in the body.
What is hematopoiesis?
The process through which blood cells are produced in the body.
Hematology
The study of blood.
what percentage of blood makes a person's body weight?
adults about 7% of their body weight, usually 1.2 to 1.5 gallons.
plasma proteins are made of clotting factors, antibodies, complement proteins and what else?
albumin
what is rhesus, or Rh, factor?
an inherited protein on the surface of RBC. If Rh is present, the blood type is positive. If Rh is absent, the blood type is negative
a person with low HCT (hematocrit), is?
anemic
deoxygenated or oxygen-poor blood is ______-red
blue
Myelo means?
bone marrow
well oxygenated blood is ______ red.
bright
Your blood is a type of ______?
connective tissue
radiation therapy and some medications can cause bone marrow ________, known as myelosuppression.
depression