Body Plan and Organization
Describe the location of structures of the body, using basic regional and systemic terminology.
There are 11 systems in the body, each contain certain organs with specific purpose Human body divided into two main regions Axial region- the head, neck, trunk and abdomen Appendicular Region- upper and lower extremities (limbs)
Lower Extremity
Crural (shin, front of lower leg) Femoral (thigh) Patellar (front of knee) Pedal (foot) Plantar (arch of foot) Popliteal (back of knee) Sural (calf, back of lower leg Tarsal (Ankle)
List and describe the location of the major anatomical regions of the body.
Divided into two major Portions; Axial and Appendicular
Right and left lower quadrants
Right Lower Quadrants (RLQ) Appendix, part of the intestine, right ovary, right fallopian tube and right ureter Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Part of the intestine, left ovary, left fallopian tube, and left ureter
List and define the major directional terms used in anatomy.
Superior- Above or higher than another part of the body Inferior- Below or lower than another part of the body Lateral- toward the side of the body Medial- middle of the body Proximal- a position in a limb is closer to the body Distal- part of the body that is further from the body Superficial- a position closer to the surface of the body Deep- a position deeper in the surface of the body
Describe either the location of the four abdominopelvic quadrants or the nine abdominopelvic regions and list the major organs located in either each of the quadrants or regions.
The four quadrants are used in radiography The nine regions are used for assessing patients
Appendicular
consist of appendages (upper and lower extremities) arms and legs
Axial
runs down the center and consist of everything except the limbs, meaning the head, neck, thorax (chest and back), abdomen, and pelvis
Describe how to use the terms right and left in anatomical reference.
It's referred to the side of the body or cadaver being viewed (It's the patients right and left)
The nine abdominopelvic regions and list the major organs
1. Left Hypochondriac Region Located in the upper left region below the ribs 2. Epigastric Region Region above the stomach 3. Right Hypochondriac Region Upper right region below the ribs 4. Left Lumbar Region Left middle lateral region 5. Umbilical Region The naval area 6. Right Lumbar (back) Region Right middle lateral region 7. Left Unguinal (lLiac) Region Left lower Lateral Region 8. Hypogastric Region Lower middle region under the navel 9. Right Unguinal (lLiac) Region Right lower lateral region
Right and left upper quadrants
1.Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Gallbladder, part of liver, pancreas and intestine 2. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)- Stomach, spleen, part of liver, pancreas and intestine
Define the terms anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy- Structure Physiology- Function
Give specific examples to show the interrelationship between anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy- structure, shape, form of body parts Physiology- function; how those body parts work and why
Upper Extremity
Antebrachial (Forearm) Antecubital (Inner elbow) Brachial (upper arm) Carpal (wrist) Cubital (Elbow) Digital (fingers/toes) Manual (hand) Palmer (palm)
Describe, in order from simplest to most complex, the major levels of organization in the human organism.
Cells Tissues Organs Organ system
Give an example of each level of organization.
Cells- Smallest units of an organism to carry out all basic functions Tissues- Mass of similar cells Organs - Composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function Organ system- Group of organs w/unique collective function; Circulation, Respiration, digestion
Describe the location of the body cavities and identify the major organs found in each cavity.
Dorsal- Cranial (brain), vertebral (spinal cord) Ventral- thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities Thoracic- lungs, heart enclosed in the rib cage, diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity § superior mediastinum pleural cavity which contains the pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity- Stomach, Liver and sex organs
Describe the appearance of a body presented along various planes.
Frontal Plane
Describe a person in anatomical position.
Frontal facing, palms up
Identify the various planes in which a body might be dissected.
Frontal, Sagittal, parasagittal, oblique (angel), midsagittal, and transverse
Axials main regions
Head and Neck Cephalic (head), Cervical (neck), Cranial (skull), Frontal (forehead), Nasal (nose), Occipital (base of the skull), Oral (mouth), Orbital/ocular (eye), Thorax Axillary (armpit), Costal (ribs), Deltoid (shoulder), Mammary (breast), Pectoral (Chest), Scapular (Should Blade), Sternal (breastbone), Vertebral (backbone) Abdomen Abdominal (abdomen), Gluteal (buttocks), Inguinal (bend at hip), Lumbar (lower back), Pelvic (area between hip bones), Perineal (area between anus and external genitialia), Pubic (genitals), Sacral (end of vertebral Column)
List the organ systems of the human body and their major components. Describe the major functions of each organ system.
Integumentary- skin, hair, nails - functions as structure, support, protection, and movement Skeletal- bones & joints - functions as structure, support, protection, and movement Muscular- skeletal muscles - functions as structure, support, protection, and movement Lymphatic- red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes - functions as fluid transport within the body Endocrine- pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis - functions as control and regulation Respiratory system- nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs - functions as exchange with the environment (breathing) Cardiovascular- heart & blood vessels - functions as fluid transport within the body Urinary- Nervous- brain, spinal cord, nerves - functions as control and regulation Reproductive- male - prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferns; female - mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube - functions to produce offspring