Bontrager Chapter 9 ARRT

During an oblique L-Spine projection if the pedicle is demonstrated anteriorly on the vertebral body what does that indicate?

Under-Rotation

Anterior Obliques show the _________________ joints

Upside

Transverse process

E

Auricular surface of Sacrum

where the sacrum articulates with the ilium of the pelvis.

The ear of the dog is one _______________ __________________ ___________________

Superior Articular Process

A PA projection also lowers ovarian dose by __________% compared to AP

25-30

Where is the CR directed on a lateral sacrum and coccyx projection?

3 to 4 inches posterior to ASIS (for just sacrum) 2 inches back from MCP (for both together) 3 to 4 posterior and 2 inches distal to ASIS (for just coccyx)

L5-S1 obliques should be obliqued _______ degrees

30

Each sacroiliac joint opens obliquely posteriorly at an angle of _____________.

30 degrees

The zygapophyseal joints form an angle of _________________ to the midsagittal plane in the lumbar spine.

30-50 degrees

A patient with a wider pelvis and narrow thorax may require what? Even if there is support already under this patient for lateral projection L-Spine?

5 to 8 caudal angle even with support center to iliac crest

L1 and L2 obliques should be obiqued ______ degrees

50

Superior Articular process

A is

Which Scoliosis series assesses the range of motion of the vertebral column?

AP (sometimes PA)- right and left bending scoliosis series. The pelvis must remain stationary as possible during this positioning.

AP Axial L5-S1 L-Spine ? Angle for males? Angle for females?

Angle 30 cephalad for males Angle 35 cephalad for females Direct CR to ASIS this angle opens the L5-S1 joint.

What do you angle for an AP Axial Coccyx Projection and where do you center?

Angle CR 10 caudal Direct CR 2 inches superior to sumphysis pubis

What do you angle for an AP Axial Sacrum Projection and where do you center?

Angle CR 15 cephalad Direct CR 2 inches superior to pubic symphysis Urinary bladder should be emptied before this procedure begins.

What do you angle for AP Axial Sacriolic Joints and where do you center?

Angle CR 30-35 cephalad (males = 30 and females= 35) Direct CR to midline about 2 inches below level of ASIS (For PA Axial would do 30-35 caudal angle centered to L4 or slightly above L4)

Inflammatory condition that usually begins in the sacroiliac joints and progresses up the column.

Ankylosing Spondylitis

The distal pointed tip of the coccyx?

Apex (the broad superior portion is the base of the coccxy)

Lamina (Pars interarticularis)

B

Zygapophyseal Joint

B

During the PA (AP) Ferguson Method: Scoliosis series what side is the block placed under the foot to elevate a certain side? What is the purpose of this block?

Block placed under convex side of curve so patient can barely maintain position without assistance. Purpose of block is to level the pelvis.

During an oblique L-Spine projection if the pedicle is demonstrated posteriorly on the vertebral body what does that indicate?

Body is Over-Rotated

Modality that is a noninvasive measurement of bone mass. Pathology that could account for loss of bone mass include hyperparathyroidism, estrogen deficiency, advancing age, and lifestyle factors

Bone Densitometry

Pars Interarticularis

C

What respiration is the AP L-Spine done on?

Expiration

Projection Lateral L5-S1 L-Spine ?

CR angled 5-8 caudal directed perpendicular 1.5 inches below iliac crest and 2 inches posterior to ASIS. This lateral view usually provides more info than the AP L5-S1

Modality that is used for evaluating of the vertebral column, including the presence and extent of fractures, disk disease, and neoplastic disease

CT

The intervertebral joints are classified as _________________, _____________________ joints.

Cartilaginous, amphiarthrodial

What is demonstrated on an AP Axial Coccyx Projection?

Coccyx free of superimposition and projected superior to pubis. Coccygeal segments should appear open.

The sacrum has a ____________ curve

Convex

Pedicle

D

Osteoporosis in geriatric patients, the kV or mAs may require a ________________ in technique

Decrease

What method assists in differentiating deforming (primary) curve from compensatory curve? A block is used for second image placed under foot of one side for elevation.

Ferguson Method: Scoliosis Series PA (sometimes AP)

Apex of coccyx

G

The front legs of the dog are one ___________________ __________________ ____________________

Inferior articular Process

Horn of coccyx

J

The lower Costal Margin is at the level of ______________

L2-3

The Iliac Crest is at the level of ___________

L4-5

The body of the dog is the ________________

Lamina

Pathology of a compression fracture, spondylolisthesis, neoplastic processes, and osteoporosis, what projection would be best for this L-Spine pathology?

Lateral L-Spine

What projection is for the assessment of mobility at the spinal fusion site?

Lateral Position- Hyperextension and Hyperflexion spinal fusion series

Describes the normal concave curvature of the lumbar spine and an abnormal concave lumbar

Lordosis

Modality used for evaluating soft tissues of the Lumbar spine

MRI

Primary malignant neoplasms that spread to distant sites via blood and lymphatics.

Metastases

Modality that requires injection of contrast medium into subarachnoid space. This shows lesions of the spinal canal, nerve roots, and intervertebral disks.

Myelography

What view is best for pars interarticularis (spondylolysis) and for visualization of the zygopophyseal joints?

Oblique Lumbar projections (RPO & LPO shows downside) (RAO & LAO shows upside)

Proliferative bone lesions of increased density

Osteoblastic

The eye of the dog is one __________________

Pedicle

Even though the AP is more likely to be done, the PA has an advantage because the prone position does what to the lumbar spine?

Places the lumbar spine with its natural curvature

The anterior ridge of the body of the first sacral segment helps form the posterior wall of the inlet of the true pelvis is termed?

Promontory

The ASIS is at the level of __________

S1-2

When doing a Posterior Oblique position for Sacriolic Joints which joint would be demonstrated? How much obliquity and where do you center?

Sacriolic Joint farthest from IR (LPO for right joint & RPO for left joint). 25 to 30 obliquity and center 1 inch medial to upside ASIS. Both sides examined for comparison.

Congenital condition in which the posterior aspect of the vertebrae fail to develop

Spina Bifida

Involves the forward movement of one vertebra in relation to another

Spondylolisthesis

The Dissolution of a vertebra, such as from aplasia of the vertebral arch

Spondylolysis

The zygapophyseal joints are classified as ________________, _________________ joints

Synovial, diarthrodial

The xyphoid process is at the level of ______________

T9-10

Female sacrum is normally shorter and wider than males sacrum? True or False

TRUE

The nose of the dog is one _________________ __________________

Transverse Process

If a patient has a lateral curvature (scoliosis) of the spine, how should the patient be placed for a lateral projection?

Whichever lateral position places the sag, or convexity of the spine down to open the intervertebral spaces better.

Posterior Obliques show the _________________ joints

downside

Destructive lesions with irregular margins

osteolytic

The neck of the scottie dog is one __________ _____________________

pars interarticularis

What is demonstrated on the AP Axial Sacrum Projection?

the sacrum free of foreshortening and the pubis and sacral foramina are not superimposed

Why do we need to flex the knees and hips during an AP L-Spine projection?

to reduce lordotic curvature and open the intervertebral disk spaces.