Botany Unit 3

Mendel's second principle is the ____________ , which states that for any given pair of alleles, one may mask the appearance of the other. The ____________ allele is expressed, whereas the ____________ allele is masked.

law of dominance; dominant; recessive

Which is an essential micronutrient? Calcium Manganese Sulphur Phosphorus Magnesium

manganese

The Citric Acid Cycle _________

may occur in cells where photosynthesis is also taking place

Explain how osmosis differs from diffusion.

only osmosis requires that movement occurs across a selectively permeable membrane

Mendelian Genetics Terminology: The physical appearance of an organism (e.g., white versus purple flowered pea plants).

phenotype

Mendel's third principle states that ____________ , or the physical appearance of an organism, does not always indicate the ____________ , or the genetic constitution of that organism.

phenotype; genotype

Describe the path water takes through a plant by putting the following steps in order: flows through the xylem evaporates into the leaf space flows through the epidermis or root hairs passes through the endodermis flows through leaf mesophyll cells exits through a stomatal pore

1. flows through the epidermis or root hairs 2. passes through the endodermis 3. flows through the xylem 4. flows through leaf mesophyll cells 5. evaporates into the leaf space 6. exits through a stomatal pore

Label the following diagram with the major inputs and outputs of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions using the following terms: Oxygen ADP ATP Water Glucose Carbon Dioxide

1. water 2. oxygen 3. ATP 4. ADP 5. Carbon Dioxide 6. Glucose

Which wavelength of light has the highest energy? 500nm 600nm 700nm 400nm

400nm

Approximately how much water typically leaves the plant by transpiration?

90% or more

The "energy" currency of a cell is

ATP

A classmate in your botany class is unsure whether it is worth his time to learn the processes of tissue culture. He is interested in a career in agriculture. What uses of tissue culture can you cite that would make this process of interest to him?

All choices are correct: Rapidly increase the number of orchids for commercial sale Culture protoplasts and propagate somatic hybrids Grow plants from transgenic experiments Propagate desirable somatic mutants such as navel oranges or seedless grapes

In pea plants, the alleles R and r determine whether seeds will be smooth or wrinkled. What genotypes matches this phenotype? ____________ : Some functional enzyme is produced, such that seeds can accumulate a sufficient amount of starch to prevent shriveling. Results in the creation of smooth seeds.

Rr

An increase in ______ would theoretically increase photosynthesis.

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

What is produced through cellular respiration?

Energy (ATP) and oxygen

T/F All water that passes through a plant leaves via the stomata

False

T/F most plants have their stomata closed during the day and open at night

False

Mendel's first principle is the ____________ , which states that ____________ (alternate forms of a gene that always occur in pairs) control the inheritance of various characteristics.

Law of unit characters; alleles

The man known as the "father of the green revolution" was

Norman Burlaug

In pea plants, the alleles R and r determine whether seeds will be smooth or wrinkled. What genotypes matches this phenotype? ____________ : Functional enzyme is produced, thereby allowing the seeds to accumulate starch. Results in the creation of smooth seeds.

RR

Most of the water that enters a plant via the roots leaves that same plants by means of

Transpiration

T/F Photosynthesis can be defined as the conversion of light energy to biochemical energy

True

T/F budding is a form of grafting used widely commercially

True

To prevent the release of oxygen during photosynthesis, which molecule would you prevent from entering the photosynthetic reactions?

Water molecules

Plant breeding is ________.

accelerated evolution guided by humans who are selecting those features beneficial to them.

The primary goals of plant breeding programs are ___________

all of the choices are correct: improved yield disease resistance pest resistance stress tolerance

Which of these describes the function of DNA in a cell? Storage of genetic information Copying genetic information for each turn of the cell cycle Control of the activities of the cell through gene expression Undergo mutations, which can change the genetic information All of the choices are correct.

all of these choices are correct

Metabolism refers to

all the metabolic processes that take place in cells and entire organisms as a whole

alternate forms of the same trait are called

alleles

When people 'domesticate' plants, we ___________________.

alter them genetically to meet their needs

The first domesticated crop plants were

cereal grains

The most abundant chlorophyll pigment usually present in plants is

chlorophyll a

Predict the consequences to plant breeders if genetic diversity in wild relatives and local populations of cultivated plant species disappears

disease and pest resistance that can be bred into new crop varieties would not be available

Complete the following paragraph describing the origin of agriculture. No one really knows why humans shifted from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural one. However, it is likely that agriculture may have been started to supplement the diet of the hunter-gatherers or ____________ . Whatever the cause, domestication of plants began approximately 10,000 years ago in the ____________ and between 9,000 to 7,000 years ago in ____________ . The first crops to be domesticated were the ____________ , followed by ____________ approximately 1,000 to 2,000 years later. The only major crop to be domesticated in the United States is ____________ .

for spiritual reasons Middle East Asia and the New World cereal grains roots and legumes sunflower

Plants obtain most of their mineral nutrients ______________.

from minerals dissolved in water entering the root system

The direction of movement of food molecules in plants is

from source to sink

A segment of nucleotides in a chromosome that controls the production of a protein is a

gene

The sum total of DNA is an organism's chromosomes constitutes the _______.

genome

Mendelian Genetics Terminology: The genetic constitution of an organism, which may or may not be visibly expressed.

genotype

Liquid water is forced out of the leaf when leaf pores are closed at night in a process called

guttation

Two common types of transgenic plants widely grown in North America have genes for ___________ and/or __________ incorporated in their genome.

herbicide resistance; insect resistance

Mendelian Genetics Terminology: Having two different alleles at the same locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes.

heterozygous

Mendelian Genetics Terminology: Having two identical alleles at the same locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes.

homozygous

All essential macro and micro elements exist as part of organic molecules in the plant except

potassium

At present, the most widely accepted theory for movement of sugars in the phloem is called the

pressure-flow hypothesis

In pea plants, the alleles R and r determine whether seeds will be smooth or wrinkled. What genotypes matches this phenotype? ____________ : A nonfunctional enzyme is produced, causing sucrose to be accumulated rather than starch. Water absorption during development following by drying results in the creation of wrinkled seeds.

rr

An area within a plant where food is utilized is called a

sink

__________ is the only major crop domesticated in the present U.S.

sunflower

The rise of water in plants is presently most satisfactorily explained by

the cohesion-tension theory

______ are plants with specific genes from other organism (from viruses to humans) inserted in the genome

transgenic plants

When humidity is high

transpiration rates decrease