Botany Unit 3
Mendel's second principle is the ____________ , which states that for any given pair of alleles, one may mask the appearance of the other. The ____________ allele is expressed, whereas the ____________ allele is masked.
law of dominance; dominant; recessive
Which is an essential micronutrient? Calcium Manganese Sulphur Phosphorus Magnesium
manganese
The Citric Acid Cycle _________
may occur in cells where photosynthesis is also taking place
Explain how osmosis differs from diffusion.
only osmosis requires that movement occurs across a selectively permeable membrane
Mendelian Genetics Terminology: The physical appearance of an organism (e.g., white versus purple flowered pea plants).
phenotype
Mendel's third principle states that ____________ , or the physical appearance of an organism, does not always indicate the ____________ , or the genetic constitution of that organism.
phenotype; genotype
Describe the path water takes through a plant by putting the following steps in order: flows through the xylem evaporates into the leaf space flows through the epidermis or root hairs passes through the endodermis flows through leaf mesophyll cells exits through a stomatal pore
1. flows through the epidermis or root hairs 2. passes through the endodermis 3. flows through the xylem 4. flows through leaf mesophyll cells 5. evaporates into the leaf space 6. exits through a stomatal pore
Label the following diagram with the major inputs and outputs of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions using the following terms: Oxygen ADP ATP Water Glucose Carbon Dioxide
1. water 2. oxygen 3. ATP 4. ADP 5. Carbon Dioxide 6. Glucose
Which wavelength of light has the highest energy? 500nm 600nm 700nm 400nm
400nm
Approximately how much water typically leaves the plant by transpiration?
90% or more
The "energy" currency of a cell is
ATP
A classmate in your botany class is unsure whether it is worth his time to learn the processes of tissue culture. He is interested in a career in agriculture. What uses of tissue culture can you cite that would make this process of interest to him?
All choices are correct: Rapidly increase the number of orchids for commercial sale Culture protoplasts and propagate somatic hybrids Grow plants from transgenic experiments Propagate desirable somatic mutants such as navel oranges or seedless grapes
In pea plants, the alleles R and r determine whether seeds will be smooth or wrinkled. What genotypes matches this phenotype? ____________ : Some functional enzyme is produced, such that seeds can accumulate a sufficient amount of starch to prevent shriveling. Results in the creation of smooth seeds.
Rr
An increase in ______ would theoretically increase photosynthesis.
CO2 (carbon dioxide)
What is produced through cellular respiration?
Energy (ATP) and oxygen
T/F All water that passes through a plant leaves via the stomata
False
T/F most plants have their stomata closed during the day and open at night
False
Mendel's first principle is the ____________ , which states that ____________ (alternate forms of a gene that always occur in pairs) control the inheritance of various characteristics.
Law of unit characters; alleles
The man known as the "father of the green revolution" was
Norman Burlaug
In pea plants, the alleles R and r determine whether seeds will be smooth or wrinkled. What genotypes matches this phenotype? ____________ : Functional enzyme is produced, thereby allowing the seeds to accumulate starch. Results in the creation of smooth seeds.
RR
Most of the water that enters a plant via the roots leaves that same plants by means of
Transpiration
T/F Photosynthesis can be defined as the conversion of light energy to biochemical energy
True
T/F budding is a form of grafting used widely commercially
True
To prevent the release of oxygen during photosynthesis, which molecule would you prevent from entering the photosynthetic reactions?
Water molecules
Plant breeding is ________.
accelerated evolution guided by humans who are selecting those features beneficial to them.
The primary goals of plant breeding programs are ___________
all of the choices are correct: improved yield disease resistance pest resistance stress tolerance
Which of these describes the function of DNA in a cell? Storage of genetic information Copying genetic information for each turn of the cell cycle Control of the activities of the cell through gene expression Undergo mutations, which can change the genetic information All of the choices are correct.
all of these choices are correct
Metabolism refers to
all the metabolic processes that take place in cells and entire organisms as a whole
alternate forms of the same trait are called
alleles
When people 'domesticate' plants, we ___________________.
alter them genetically to meet their needs
The first domesticated crop plants were
cereal grains
The most abundant chlorophyll pigment usually present in plants is
chlorophyll a
Predict the consequences to plant breeders if genetic diversity in wild relatives and local populations of cultivated plant species disappears
disease and pest resistance that can be bred into new crop varieties would not be available
Complete the following paragraph describing the origin of agriculture. No one really knows why humans shifted from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural one. However, it is likely that agriculture may have been started to supplement the diet of the hunter-gatherers or ____________ . Whatever the cause, domestication of plants began approximately 10,000 years ago in the ____________ and between 9,000 to 7,000 years ago in ____________ . The first crops to be domesticated were the ____________ , followed by ____________ approximately 1,000 to 2,000 years later. The only major crop to be domesticated in the United States is ____________ .
for spiritual reasons Middle East Asia and the New World cereal grains roots and legumes sunflower
Plants obtain most of their mineral nutrients ______________.
from minerals dissolved in water entering the root system
The direction of movement of food molecules in plants is
from source to sink
A segment of nucleotides in a chromosome that controls the production of a protein is a
gene
The sum total of DNA is an organism's chromosomes constitutes the _______.
genome
Mendelian Genetics Terminology: The genetic constitution of an organism, which may or may not be visibly expressed.
genotype
Liquid water is forced out of the leaf when leaf pores are closed at night in a process called
guttation
Two common types of transgenic plants widely grown in North America have genes for ___________ and/or __________ incorporated in their genome.
herbicide resistance; insect resistance
Mendelian Genetics Terminology: Having two different alleles at the same locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
heterozygous
Mendelian Genetics Terminology: Having two identical alleles at the same locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
homozygous
All essential macro and micro elements exist as part of organic molecules in the plant except
potassium
At present, the most widely accepted theory for movement of sugars in the phloem is called the
pressure-flow hypothesis
In pea plants, the alleles R and r determine whether seeds will be smooth or wrinkled. What genotypes matches this phenotype? ____________ : A nonfunctional enzyme is produced, causing sucrose to be accumulated rather than starch. Water absorption during development following by drying results in the creation of wrinkled seeds.
rr
An area within a plant where food is utilized is called a
sink
__________ is the only major crop domesticated in the present U.S.
sunflower
The rise of water in plants is presently most satisfactorily explained by
the cohesion-tension theory
______ are plants with specific genes from other organism (from viruses to humans) inserted in the genome
transgenic plants
When humidity is high
transpiration rates decrease